Three new additional skull specimens of Talarurus plicatospineus have been recovered from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian–Santonian) Bayanshiree Formation, of Bayan Shiree cliffs, eastern Gobi Desert, Mongolia. The skulls feature unique characters such as an anteriorly protruded single internarial caputegulum, around 20 flat or concave nasal-area caputegulae surrounded by a wide sulcus, a vertically oriented elongate loreal caputegulum with a pitted surface, an elongate lacrimal caputegulum positioned above the posterodorsal border of the maxilla, two longitudinally arranged large frontoparietal caputegulae surrounded by smaller rhomboid caputegulae, small but elongate medial supraorbital caputegulae, a posterior supraorbital caputegulum that is four times larger than the anterior one, up to three transverse parallel grooves on the dorsal surface of the posterior supraorbital caputegulum, postocular caputegulae along the ventral to posterior rim of the orbit that extend almost to the anteroventral margin of the squamosal horn, a longitudinal furrow tapering towards the apex of the squamosal horn, a lateral nuchal caputegulum four to five times larger than other nuchal caputegulae, and a pterygovomerine keel with a ventral margin that is dorsally positioned to the alveolar ridge. The phylogenetic analysis result showed that Talarurus is sister to the clade that includes the derived Asian ankylosaurines (Saichania chulsanensis, Tarchia kielanae, and Zaraapelta nomadis). It also shows that there was dispersal of ankylosaurines from Asia into western North America before the Cenomanian. Moreover, the rostral differences between Talarurus and Tsagantegia, another ankylosaur from the same formation, suggest possible niche partitioning between these taxa.

In the current literature we can find mainly two approaches to the
SDE regime switching modeling. The traditional one, the externally induced
regime switching diffusions is described by the switching being derived from
a separate continuous time Markov process, with a finite, or denumerable,
state space { indexing the regimes { the random times of the regime switches
being exactly the jump times of the finite valued Markov process. There is a
first alternative approach in which the regime switching occurs whenever the
trajectory enters in some prescribed region on the state space; the regions we
consider will be mainly open intervals defined by unknown thresholds for the
trajectories; thresholds that, in principle, should also be estimated. In this
approach the partitioning of the the state space is already defined in the drift
and volatility of the SDE. In a second alternative approach the switching occurs
in a random way but at some random times defined when the trajectories hit
some prescribed thresholds, that again, must be estimated. We may designate
these two alternative approaches as auto-induced regime switching diffusions
as there is no external noise source to force the switching occurrence. We prove
a generalization of an existence result of the existence of auto-induced regime
switching SDE solutions for irregular coefficients and a result that encompasses
some of the cases of both externally and auto-induced regime switching SDE
solutions.