We report on measurements of the Kβ diagram, valence-to-core (VtC), and hypersatellite X-ray spectra induced in metallic Cr by photon single and double K-shell ionization. The experiment was carried out at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource using the seven-crystal Johann-type hard X-ray spectrometer of the beamline 6-2. For the Kβ diagram and VtC transitions, the present study confirms the line shape features observed in previous works, whereas the K h β hypersatellite transition was found to exhibit a complex spectral line shape and a characteristic low-energy shoulder. The energy shift of the hypersatellite relative to the parent diagram line was deduced from the measurements and compared with the result of extensive multiconfiguration Dirac–Fock (MCDF) calculations. A very good agreement between experiment and theory was found. The MCDF calculations were also used to compute the theoretical line shape of the hypersatellite. A satisfactory agreement was obtained between the overall shapes of the experimental and theoretical spectra, but deviations were observed on the low- and high-energy flanks of the hypersatellite line. The discrepancies were explained by chemical effects, which were not considered in the MCDF calculations performed for isolated atoms.

This chapter focuses on mid-range wireless power transfer (WPT) systems applied to electric vehicle (EV) battery chargers. The WPT is recently considered as an efficient electric energy transfer process between two or more points in space, without wiring. The technology associated with each specific process of WPT differs from case to case depending on the distance between those points and the power to be transferred between them. The widely adopted distance categories are named short-range, mid-range, and long-range. The short-range is normally defined as up to a few millimeters range. The mid-range is between a few millimeters and a few meters. The long-range distance is defined as a longer than that of the previous category, stretching up to a few kilometers.

The focus of this chapter is the electromagnetic interference (EMI) and the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) that the wireless power transfer (WPT) systems reveal as problems. The wireless power transfer (WPT) was introduced by Nikola Tesla more than one hundred years ago, and only recently it attracted the attention of specialists, due to the improved technical means. The WPT technology now has many applications, especially for charging of various electronic devices (i.e., mobile phones, laptops, implants, and home appliances), informatics, and electronics equipment. The high-power equipment and installations (e.g., intelligent machining systems, robots, forklift trucks, and electric cars) are also getting wireless. Moreover, much attention has been focused on the electric transportation system for improving the safe and convenient charging of electric vehicle (EV) batteries.

Our world is facing substantial economic and social challenges due to an increasing pace of technological developments. The introduction of the Internet of Things (IoT) is ushering in a fourth industrial revolution. The vision of Industry 4.0 describes a whole new approach to business operations, and especially the production industries which is characterized by a new level of socio-technical interaction. Emphasizing the importance of intangibles management, organizations have become increasingly focused on the Intellectual Capital (IC) as the main source of value creation. From a strategic point of view, IC is linked to the ability to create and apply the potential of an organizations knowledge based capabilities, and is commonly categorized into three main components: human, structural and relational capital. The industry 4.0 is changing the way we create value which requires from organizations and individuals a rethinking of what is expected or desired from the internet-connected devices. As a phenomenon of interactions and complementarities, IC can offer a possible pathway for reconfiguring business models. The contribution of this work is mainly conceptual. The aim of this paper is to explore what has been researched so far about the importance of industry 4.0 with impact in organizational value creation and how the theory of intellectual capital can help to leverage its benefits. To achieve this objective, a comprehensive review of journal articles, conference papers, books and international reports was performed

The estimation of the long-term durability of adhesively bonded interfaces between Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRP) and concrete substrates is crucial because degradation potentiates FRP premature debonding. One of the main reasons for mistrusting the use of FRP composites is the premature debonding phenomenon, which, associated to degradation, has been preventing their widespread use. In this research work, an analytical model is proposed that introduces ageing to estimate the effects of degradation of Glass (G) FRP externally bonded to concrete. Cycles were used to experimentally accelerate ageing of beam specimens, namely, (i) salt fog cycles; (ii) wet-dry cycles with salted water; (iii) temperature cycles between −10 °C and +30 °C; and (iv) temperature cycles between +7.5 °C and +47.5 °C. Based on the experimental results obtained and a corresponding bond-slip curve, the analytical model predicts the complete debonding process between FRP composites and a substrate. Consequently, the temporal evolution of the degradation of the bonded interfaces can be calculated and compared with the initial situation prior to exposure. The effects of the environmental conditions are reported and compared. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd

This chapter provides an overview of the alpha paleobiodiversity of Angola based on the available fossil record that is limited to the sedimentary rocks, ranging in age from Precambrian to the present. The geological period with the highest paleobiodiversity in the Angolan fossil record is the Cretaceous, with more than 80{%} of the total known fossil taxa, especially marine molluscs, including ammonites as a majority among them. The vertebrates represent about 15{%} of the known fauna and about one tenth of them are species firstly described based on specimens from Angola.

Despite extensive research regarding metal cutting simulation, the current industrial practice very often relies on empirical data when it comes to tool design. In order accurately simulate the cutting process it is not only important to have robust numerical models that closely portray the phenomenon, but also to properly characterize the material taking into account the cutting conditions. The goal of this investigation focuses on the mechanical characterization of the cast aluminum alloy AlSi9Cu3 by conducting both compression and fracture tests. Due to its very good castability, machinability, and attractive mechanical properties, this alloy is widely used in casting industry for the manufacture of automotive components, among others. Besides the experimental characterization, a numerical methodology is proposed for the modeling of the cast alloy, making use of the Johnson–Cook constitutive material model, in Abaqus/CAE. The material model is calibrated based on compression tests at multiple conditions (quasi-static, incremental dynamic and high temperatures). The identified model is then validated by simulation of the ductile fracture tests of notched specimens. The obtained numerical results were consistent with the experimentally obtained, contributing to the validity of the presented characterization technique.

The high strain rate compressive behaviour of Pinus pinaster Ait. wood along the radial and tangential material axes was addressed in this work. Both quasi-static and dynamic tests were considered for comparation purposes. The quasi-static compression tests were performed on rectangular prismatic specimens along the radial and tangential directions coupled with digital image correlation. The high strain rate tests were carried out using a classical split-Hopkinson pressure bar coupled with a high-speed imaging system allowing independent kinematic measurements through digital image correlation. From these tests and material symmetry orientations, the constitutive curves were determined from which the Young modulus, Poisson’s ratio and yield stress were evaluated and compared over the two different regimes over the strain rate spectrum. The mechanical properties observed for this species under quasi-static compression loading agree with reference values. A qualitative comparison between quasi-static and high strain rate regimes reveals a significant increase of some mechanical properties by increasing the strain rate. Quantitatively, by comparing mean values at the two strain rates, it was found that, in the radial direction, the modulus of elasticity increased by 6.3%, the yield stress showed an increase of 130.3% and the Poisson’s ratio is slightly higher by 3.0%. Furthermore, in the tangential direction, it was found that the modulus of elasticity increased by 21.9% while the value of the yield stress showed an increase of 111.8%, and finally the Poisson‘s ratio presented a reduction of 24.3%.

Nowadays, adhesively bonded structures have received exhaustive attention mainly because, contrary to mechanical joints, they are able to avoid stress concentration. When a material is externally bonded to another structural member to improve the strength or stiffness of the latter, the adhesive joint is supposed to perform well for a long time, independently of the type of loading the bonded joint will be subjected to. However, studies dedicated to this topic are scarce when it comes to the influence of thermal action. The influence of temperature variations on bonded joints is not yet well understood, so more studies are needed to improve the current level of knowledge. The present study aims to develop an analytical solution capable of simulating the interfacial bond behaviour between two structural materials subjected to thermal loading. The complete debonding processes of such adhesively bonded joints are estimated based on a bi-linear bond–slip relationship. The proposed analytical model is validated by the numerical simulation of several examples, where some parameters previously identified as potentially affecting the bond behaviour are investigated. A commercial software based on the Finite Element Method (FEM) is used to support those examples in which either the analytical or the numerical simulations agreed very well. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd

Assessing wood fracture behavior is essential in the design of structural timber elements and connections. This is particularly the case for connections with the possibility of brittle splitting failure. The numerical cohesive zone models that are used to simulate the fracture behavior of wood make it necessary to assume a cohesive law of the material that relates cohesive tractions and crack opening displacements ahead of the crack tip. This work addresses the determination of the fracture cohesive laws of Eucalyptus globulus, a hardwood species with great potential in timber engineering. This study centres on Mode I fracture loading for RL and TL crack propagation systems using Double Cantilever Beam tests. The Compliance-Based Beam Method is applied as the data reduction scheme in order to obtain the strain energy release rate from the load-displacement curves. The cohesive laws are determined by differentiating the relationship between strain energy release rate and crack tip opening displacement. The latter is measured by the digital image correlation technique. High strain energy release rates were obtained for this species, with no big differences between crack propagation systems. The difference between the crack systems is somewhat more pronounced in terms of maximum stress that determines the respective cohesive laws.