During electric polarization charge is injected into the material. The structure is decorated with space charge and during the subsequent heating an apparent peak and the genuine peaks that are related to dipole randomization and charge detrapping are observed. The method is used here to analyze the molecular movements in polyimide in the temperature range from 293 to 623 K. Two weak relaxations have been observed around 337 K and around 402 K. The electrical conductivity changes with temperature in agreement with the Arrhenius law only below (W= (0.84 +/- 0.03) eV) and above ( W (0.82 +/- 0.03) eV) the temperature range where the beta relaxation is observed. The variation of the electrical conductivity with temperature, in the range of the beta relaxation, is controlled by the variation of the charge currier mobility with temperature and it shows a non-Arrhenius behavior. We suggest that the beta(1) sub-glass relaxation is related to the rotation or oscillation of phenyl groups and the beta(2) sub-glass relaxation is related to the rotation or oscillation of the imidic ring. At higher temperatures an apparent peak was observed. The relaxation time of the trapped charge, at 573 K, is high than 8895 s. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Transparent electronics is today one of the most advanced topics for a wide range of device applications, where the key components are wide band gap semiconductors, where oxides of different origin play an important role, not only as passive components but also as active components similar to what we observe in conventional semiconductors. As passive components they include the use of these materials as dielectrics for a wide range of electronic devices and also as transparent electrical conductors for use in several optoelectronic applications, such as liquid crystal displays, organic light emitting diodes, solar cells, optical sensors etc. As active materials, they exploit the use of truly electronic semiconductors where the main emphasis is being put on transparent thin film transistors, light emitting diodes, lasers, ultraviolet sensors and integrated circuits among others. © 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

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The application of green chemistry principles in the processing of materials for advanced technologies is a steadily increasing field of research. In this work porous chitin-based materials were developed by combining the processing of chitin using ionic liquids (ILs) as a green solvent together with the use of supercritical fluid technology (SCF) as clean technology. Chitin was dissolved in 1-butyl-3-imidazolium acetate, followed by regeneration of the polymer in ethanol in specific moulds. The IL was removed using Soxhlet extraction and successive steps of extraction with SCF using carbon dioxide/ethanol ratios of 50/50 and 70/30. The developed porous chitin-based structures (ChIL) can be classified as mesoporous materials, with very low density and high porosity. The cytotoxicity of ChIL extracts was investigated using L929 fibroblast-like cells, and the results demonstrated that the produced materials have extremely low cytotoxicity levels. Therefore, the findings suggest that the porous chitin structures may be potential candidates for a number of biomedical applications, including tissue engineering. © 2010 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Respiratory nitric oxide reductase (NOR) was purified from membrane extract of Pseudomonas (Ps.) nautica cells to homogeneity as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purified protein is a heterodimer with subunits of molecular masses of 54 and 18 kDa. The gene encoding both subunits was cloned and sequenced. The amino acid sequence shows strong homology with enzymes of the cNOR class. Iron/heme determinations show that one heme c is present in the small subunit (NORC) and that approximately two heme b and one non-heme iron are associated with the large subunit (NORB), in agreement with the available data for enzymes of the cNOR class. Mossbauer characterization of the as-purified, ascorbate-reduced, and dithionite-reduced enzyme confirms the presence of three heme groups (the catalytic heme b(3) and the electron transfer heme b and heme c) and one redox-active non-heme Fe (Fe-B). Consistent with results obtained for other cNORs, heme c and heme b in Ps. nautica cNOR were found to be low-spin while FeB was found to be high-spin. Unexpectedly, as opposed to the presumed high-spin state for heme b(3), the Mossbauer data demonstrate unambiguously that heme b(3) is, in fact, low-spin in both ferric and ferrous states, suggesting that heme b(3) is six-coordinated regardless of its oxidation state. EPR spectroscopic measurements of the as-purified enzyme show resonances at the g similar to 6 and g similar to 2-3 regions very similar to those reported previously for other cNORs. The signals at g = 3.60, 2.99, 2.26, and 1.43 are attributed to the two charge-transfer low-spin ferric heme c and heme b. Previously, resonances at the g similar to 6 region were assigned to a small quantity of uncoupled high-spin Fe-III heme b(3). This assignment is now questionable because heme b(3) is low-spin. On the basis of our spectroscopic data, we argue that the g = 6.34 signal is likely arising from a spin spin coupled binuclear center comprising the low-spin Fe-III heme b(3) and the high-spin Fe-B(III). Activity assays performed under various reducing conditions indicate that heme b(3) has to be reduced for the enzyme to be active. But, from an energetic point of view, the formation of a ferrous heme-NO as an initial reaction intermediate for NO reduction is disfavored because heme [FeNO](7) is a stable product. We suspect that the presence of a sixth ligand in the Fe-II-heme b(3) may weaken its affinity for NO and thus promotes, in the first catalytic step, binding of NO at the Fe-B(II) site. The function of heme b(3) would then be to orient the Fe-B-bound NO molecules for the formation of the N-N bond and to provide reducing equivalents for NO reduction.

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The universal semi-empirical equation has been commonly used to quantitatively describe the energy dependence of the secondary electron yield (SEY). It is even used as a first reliability test for experimental data. The equation is based on the assumption that the stopping power is constant along the electron trajectory. In this article, we derive a novel analytical expression based on a more advanced model which considers linear stopping power dependence on penetration depth. Although coinciding with the universal equation at low energies, the novel function has lower intensity in the higher energy range. The models were compared with experimental SEY data of different metals, taken from literature, as well as freshly cleaved highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, measured in the frame of this work. It is confirmed that the novel expression better describes the experimental data.

Phase equilibrium measurements of single and mixed organic clathrate hydrates with hydrogen were determined within a pressure range of 2.0-14.0. MPa. The organic compounds studied were furan, 2,5-dihydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, 1,3-dioxolane and cyclopentane. These organic compounds are known to form structure II clathrate hydrates with water. It was found that the addition of hydrogen to form a mixed clathrate hydrate increases the stability compared to the single organic clathrate hydrates. Moreover, the mixed clathrate hydrate also has a much higher stability compared to a pure hydrogen structure II clathrate hydrate. Therefore, the organic compounds act as promoter materials. The stabilities of the single and mixed organic clathrate hydrates with hydrogen showed the following trend in increasing order: 1,3-dioxolane {\textless} 2,5-dihydrofuran {\textless} tetrahydropyran {\textless} furan {\textless} cyclopentane, indicating that both size and geometry of the organic compound determine the stability of the clathrate hydrates. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.

We present a new approach for real-time monitoring of PCR amplification of a specific sequence from the human c-MYC proto-oncogene using a Ta 2O 5 electrolyte-insulator-semiconductor (EIS) sensor. The response of the fabricated EIS sensor to cycle DNA amplification was evaluated and compared to standard SYBR-green fluorescence incorporation, showing it was possible to detect DNA concentration variations with 30mV/??M sensitivity. The sensor's response was then optimized to follow in real-time the PCR amplification of c-MYC sequence from a genomic DNA sample attaining an amplification profile comparable to that of a standard real-time PCR. Owing to the small size, ease of fabrication and low-cost, the developed Ta 2O 5 sensor may be incorporated onto a microfluidic device and then used for real-time PCR. Our approach may circumvent the practical and economical obstacles posed by current platforms that require an external fluorescence detector difficult to miniaturize and incorporate into a lab-on-chip system. ?? 2011 Elsevier B.V.

A heterogeneous, versatile nano-magnesia-zirconia or MgO–ZrO2 (MZ) catalyst was prepared by an ultra dilution method. The as-synthesised catalyst was characterized by several analytical techniques such as XRD, particle size analysis, BET surface area, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), FT-IR spectroscopy, SEM (scanning electron microscope), TEM (transmission electron microscope) and XPS (X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy). The surface area is found to be 268 m2 g1. The catalytic activity of MZ was tested for various important organic reactions such as cross-aldol condensation, N-benzyloxycarbonylation of amines, reduction of aromatic nitrocompounds, and synthesis of 1,5-benzodiazepines. It has been observed that for all reactions MZ shows a good catalytic activity. All corresponding products were obtained in good to excellent yield under mild conditions. The MgO-ZrO2 catalyst can be prepared from inexpensive precursors, has high surface area, and is reusable and recyclable for all reactions. Introduction In heterogeneous catalysis, mixed metal oxides (MMOs) play a

A completely new strategy for cell culture focusing on the design of three-dimensional (3D) smart surfaces by supercritical fluid technology has been developed. This approach might overcome the limitations on cell expansion and proliferation of currently existing techniques. An alternative technology, based on supercritical carbon dioxide, was used to polymerize poly(N- isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) and to foam poly(d,l-lactic acid) (P D,L LA), creating a thermosensitive 3D structure which has proven to have potential as a substrate for cell growth and expansion. We demonstrated that the thermosensitive matrices promoted cell detachment, thus P D,L LA scaffolds have the potential to be used as substrates for cell growth and expansion avoiding enzymatic and mechanical methods of cell harvesting. The harvested cells were replated to evaluate their viability, which was not compromised. A major advantage of this technology is the fact that the prepared materials can be recovered and reused. Therefore, the same substrate can be recycled and reused for different batches. An indirect impact of the technology developed is related to the field of biotechnology, as this novel technology for cell expansion can be applied to any adherent cell cultures. © 2010 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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The application of diffraction gratings to solar cells is a promising approach to superseding the light trapping limits of conventional Lambertian structures. In this paper a mathematical formalism is derived for calculating the absorption that can be expected in a solar cell equipped with a diffraction grating, which can be applied to any lattice geometry and grating profile. Furthermore, the formalism is used to calculate the upper limit of total absorption that can theoretically be achieved using a diffraction grating. The derived formalism and limits are valid when the solar cell thickness is greater than the coherence length of the illuminating solar spectrum. Comparison is made to the upper limit achievable using an angularly selective Rugate filter, which is also calculated. Both limits are found to be considerably higher than the Lambertian limit within the range of sunlight concentration factors practically employed in photovoltaic systems (1–1000×). The upper limit of absorption using the diffraction grating is shown to be equal to the thermodynamic limit for all absorbances and concentration factors. The limit for the Rugate filter is generally lower, but tends to the thermodynamic limit for lower cell absorbances. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley {&} Sons, Ltd.

We prove sufficient conditions for the boundedness of the maximal operator on variable Lebesgue spaces with weights \(\varphi_{t,\gamma}(\tau)=|(\tau-t)^\gamma|\), where \(\gamma\) is a complex number, over arbitrary Carleson curves. If the curve has different spirality indices at the point $t$ and \(\gamma\) is not real, then \(\varphi_{t,\gamma}\) is an oscillating weight lying beyond the class of radial oscillating weights considered recently by V. Kokilashvili, N. Samko, and S. Samko.

We prove necessary and sufficient conditions for the applicability of the finite section method to an arbitrary operator in the Banach algebra generated by the operators of multiplication by piecewise continuous functions and the convolution operators with symbols in the algebra generated by piecewise continuous and slowly oscillating Fourier multipliers on \(L^p(\mathbb{R})\), \(1 < p < \infty\).

{We deduce a shallow water model, describing the motion of the fluid in a lake, assuming inflow-outflow effects across the bottom. This model arises from the asymptotic analysis of the 3D dimensional Navier-Stokes equations. We prove the global in time existence result for this model in a bounded domain taking the nonlinear slip/friction boundary conditions to describe the inflows and outflows of the porous coast and the rivers. The solvability is shown in the class of solutions with L(p)-bounded vorticity for any given p is an element of (1, infinity). Copyright (C) 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.}

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The post-graduation in the field of Technology Assessment (TA) is recent and that are several and different ways to be organised. Most experiences are related with the Masters diplom level (2nd cycle of graduation in high education). Just one in PhD level is explicit in the field of TA, and some other PhD courses include also TA topics in their programme structure. In this chapter we will analyse the problems related with the design of a post-graduation (MA, MSc or PhD) programme in the field of TA using as reference some international experiences. Hereby, the main conclusion seems to address labour market needs in the specialised knowledge of TA, of technology management or technology innovation. In this sense TA should be included as “minor” into post-graduation courses which may range from engineering disciplines to social sciences. As a graduation programme it can fill an expertise gap between technicians,engineers, scientists and the strategic decision makers or policy makers.

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