Power Hardware-in-the-Loop (PHiL) system for electric drives application based on power converter with Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) -based control system which realizes in real time model of converter, motor and mechanism is discussed. Two PHiL structures are under consideration. Difference between both of them is shown. Test results obtained in the PHiLs with Converter Under Test (CUT) control system are presented in the paper. Proposed PHIL is intended for converters testing and for their operating modes studying. The PHIL repeats electric drive instantaneous current and angular velocity.

Power-Hardware-in-the-Loop (PHiL) system for electric drives application based on power converter with Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)-based control system is discussed. PHiL structures are under discussion as well. During the PHiL mathematical model analysis instantaneous current repeating quality is increased. Variable frequency drive (VFD) was selected for testing.

This paper presents a wireless energy transfer (WET) system operating at the frequency of tens of kHz. It treats the modeling and simulation of WET prototype and its comparison with experimental measuring results. The wireless energy transfer system model was created to simulate the electric field between the emitting and the receiving coils, applying the finite element method. The results from the simulation are compared to the measured values of the electric field emission from the wireless energy transfer equipment. In the recent years the interest in the WET technology, especially for the electric vehicles (EV) batteries charging, is rapidly growing. The WET systems pollute the environment by electromagnetic emissions. Due to the expanding use of this technology in industrial and consumer electronics products, the problems associated with the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), and the adverse impact on the human health becomes highly important.

This paper presents the experimental results obtained in the wireless energy transfer (WET) system prototype based on coils: circular or planar. With these experimental results we can choose the tuning settings to improve the efficiency of power transmission of the WET systems. In WET for electric vehicle batteries charging, the coil shape and the range between the coils are the most important issues of those systems.

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Nowadays technologies relate to so many aspects in our daily life that makes society eager for more and more ways of using it. To keep up with this new technological world, all economic sectors, from industry to services, are trying to adapt their products into this new reality. Presently, cultural heritage is already a field where the application of technology allows a static site to be converted into an intelligent environment, with detailed information about a specific monument or historical place, becoming more interesting, not only for local habitants, but also for tourists. This paper describes an application that allows tourists, managers and historical sites' habitants to experience a completely new way of discovering those places, offering a visit with detailed real-time information taking into account their personal interests. Tourists will have at their disposal a full set of optimized routes, combining their interests with their visiting time.

Purpose The antique structures are part of the inheritance that our elders left, being important to preserve their memories. It is important to preserve, rehabilitate and restore the historic buildings protecting the cultural patrimony, attending to the actual comfort and habitability requirements. It is necessary to study the behaviour of the various elements that compose antique structures (masonry and wood) in order to develop assessment measures according to the characteristics of the original materials. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach An experimental campaign to characterize the mechanical behaviour of the wood of the roof of the �sequeiro� of �Quinta Lobeira de Cima�, a building from the twentieth century located in Minho, was carried out. The tested wood specimens are from two different species: chestnut and oak. Compression, tension and static flexion tests according to parallel to the grain direction were performed. Other parameters, such as density, moisture content and longitudinal modulus of elasticity in compression and in tension, were also obtained. The measurement of displacements was made with Digital Image Correlation (DIC). Findings The results of this study show the similarity between experimental and empirical values for the studied woods species. Originality/value This original study aimed at characterizing the mechanical properties using DIC of wood of the roof of the �sequeiro� of �Quinta Lobeira de Cima�, a building from the twentieth century located in Minho (Portugal). This study is part of master thesis of Jo�o Martins, an original research work.

The cyclic shift graph of a monoid is the graph whose vertices are the elements of the monoid and whose edges connect elements that are cyclic shift related. The Patience Sorting algorithm admits two generalizations to words, from which two kinds of monoids arise, the $\belr$ monoid and the $\bell$ (also known as Bell) monoid. Like other monoids arising from combinatorial objects such as the plactic and the sylvester, the connected components of the cyclic shift graph of the $\belr$ monoid consists of elements that have the same number of each of its composing symbols. In this paper, with the aid of the computational tool SageMath, we study the diameter of the connected components from the cyclic shift graph of the $\belr$ monoid.

Within the theory of monoids, the cyclic shift relation, among other relations, generalizes the relation of conjugacy for groups. We examine several of these relations for both the $\belr$ and the $\bell$ monoids.

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Kashiwara's crystal graphs have a natural monoid structure that arises by identifying words labelling vertices that appear in the same position of isomorphic components. The celebrated plactic monoid (the monoid of Young tableaux), arises in this way from the crystal graph for the q-analogue of the general linear Lie algebra gln, and the so-called Kashiwara operators interact beautifully with the combinatorics of Young tableaux and with the Robinson–Schensted–Knuth correspondence. The authors previously constructed an analogous ‘quasi-crystal’ structure for the related hypoplactic monoid (the monoid of quasi-ribbon tableaux), which has similarly neat combinatorial properties. This paper constructs an analogous ‘crystal-type’ structure for the sylvester and Baxter monoids (the monoids of binary search trees and pairs of twin binary search trees, respectively). Both monoids are shown to arise from this structure just as the plactic monoid does from the usual crystal graph. The interaction of the structure with the sylvester and Baxter versions of the Robinson–Schensted–Knuth correspondence is studied. The structure is then applied to prove results on the number of factorizations of elements of these monoids, and to prove that both monoids satisfy non-trivial identities.

There have been several attempts to extend the notion of conjugacy from groups to monoids.
The aim of this paper is study the decidability and independence of conjugacy problems
for three of these notions (which we will denote by $\sim_p$, $\sim_o$, and $\sim_c$) in
certain classes of finitely presented monoids. We will show that in the class of polycyclic monoids,
$p$-conjugacy is ``almost'' transitive, $\sim_c$ is strictly included in $\sim_p$, and
the $p$- and $c$-conjugacy problems are decidable with linear compexity.
For other classes of monoids, the situation is more complicated.
We show that there exists a monoid $M$ defined by a finite complete
presentation such that the $c$-conjugacy problem for $M$ is undecidable, and
that for finitely presented monoids, the $c$-conjugacy problem and the word
problem are independent, as are the $c$-conjugacy and $p$-conjugacy problems.

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