Transactional memory (TM) is an increasingly popular technique for synchronising threads in multi-threaded programs. To address both correctness and performance-related issues of TM programs, one needs to monitor and analyse their execution. However, monitoring concurrent programs (including TM programs) may have a non-negligible impact on their behaviour, which may hamper the objectives of the intended analysis. In this paper, we propose several approaches for monitoring TM programs and study their impact on the behaviour of the monitored programs. The considered approaches range from specialised lightweight monitoring to generic heavyweight monitoring. The implemented monitoring tools are publicly available to the scientific community, and the implementation techniques used for lightweight monitoring of TM programs may be used as an inspiration for developing other specialised lightweight monitors.

One possibility for strengthening existing flat slabs consists on gluing fibre reinforced polymers (FRPs) at the concrete surface. When applied on top of slab-column connections, this technique allows increasing the flexural stiffness and strength of the slab as well as its punching strength. Nevertheless, the higher punching strength is associated to a reduction on the deformation capacity of the slab-column connection, which can be detrimental for the overall behaviour of the structure (leading to a more brittle behaviour of the system). Design approaches for this strengthening technique are usually based on empirical formulas calibrated on the basis of the tests performed on isolated test specimens. However, some significant topics as the reduction on the deformation capacity or the influence of the whole slab (accounting for the reinforcement at mid-span) on the efficiency of the strengthening are neglected. In this paper, a critical review of this technique for strengthening against punching shear is investigated on the basis of the physical model proposed by the Critical Shear Crack Theory (CSCT). This approach allows taking into account the amount, layout and mechanical behaviour of the bonded FRP's in a consistent manner to estimate the punching strength and deformation capacity of strengthened slabs. The approach is first used to predict the punching strength of available test data, showing a good agreement. Then, it is applied in order to investigate strengthened continuous slabs, considering moment redistribution after concrete cracking and reinforcement yielding. This latter study provides valuable information regarding the differences between the behaviour of isolated test specimens and real strengthened flat slabs. The results show that empirical formulas calibrated on isolated specimens may overestimate the actual performance of FRP's strengthening. Finally, taking advantage of the physical model of the CSCT, the effect of the construction sequence on the punching shear strength is also evaluated, revealing the role of this issue which is also neglected in most empirical approaches.

We present a stratigraphic log supporting a preliminary magnetostratigraphy of a Tithonian–Berriasian section in Porto da Calada (Portugal). Based on biostratigraphy and reversed and normal magnetostratigraphy, the location of the Tithonian–Berriasian boundary is tentatively located at ca. 52 m, not in disagreement
with former proposals. Due to the occurrence of later remagnetization (diagenesis), the magnetostratigraphic definition of the Tithonian–Berriasian section at the Cabo Espichel (Portugal) location was not able to be established.

Transactional memory (TM) is consistently making its way into mainstream programming, being already deployed by some of the major CPU manufacturers and in several reference compilers. To cope with requirements such as scalability and dependability, recent proposals explore the combination of TM with data replication, bringing TM to distributed environments - conceiving distributed transactional memory (DTM). However, current DTM frameworks support only full data replication. They provide the best possible level of tolerance to data loss, but limit the system's total storage capacity to the capacity of the node with fewer resources, and require coordination among all the system's nodes, an approach bound to hamper scalability in large scale systems. In this context, a partial data replication strategy can help to lessen these shortcomings. Each node replicates only a subset of the system's dataset, an approach that aims at combining the best of data distribution and full replication, while trying to attenuate their disadvantages. The key idea is to allow the dataset to be distributed among the participating nodes and to decrease the number of nodes that have to participate in a transaction's confirmation, as any given transaction only has to be confirmed by the nodes that replicate the data items in its read and write sets. By distributing the data and reducing the coordination cost among nodes, partial data replication leverages the system's scalability. Although this strategy has already been explored by the distributed databases research field, it is yet to be addressed in the context of (D)TM. More specifically, partial data replication has been broadly applied in key-value stores, and even though these work on in-memory data and support transactions, they present significant differences when compared with DTM systems for general purpose programming languages. To this extent, we propose PARdstm, to the best of our knowledge, the first DTM framework to include support for partial data replication. As such, the contributions of this work are: a reasoning on how partial data replication shall be supported in general purpose programming languages (Java, in particular), and a modular software framework that embeds such principles to provide a highly expressive and non-intrusive programming API. Initial experimental results give evidence that our approach may enhance scalability in large scale systems, when compared to full data replication. An ongoing comprehensive study will allow us to assess in which contexts of use (workloads, number of nodes, etc.) partial data replication may be an effective alternative.

© 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers. Significance: Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) are defined as a mixture of two or more solid or liquid components, which at a particular composition present a high melting point depression becoming liquids at room temperature. NADES are constituted by natural molecules and fully represent the green chemistry principles. For these reasons, the authors believe that the submitted manuscript is a highly valuable contribution to the field of green chemistry and chemical engineering. For the first time, the possibility to use NADES as enhancers of supercritical fluid technology is revealed.