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Sousa, A. M. R., J. Xavier, J. J. L. Morais, V. M. J. Filipe, and M. Vaz. "Processing discontinuous displacement fields by a spatio-temporal derivative technique." Optics and Lasers in Engineering. 49 (2011): 1402-1412. Abstract
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Sampayo, L. M. C. M. V., P. M. F. Monteiro, J. A. F. O. Correia, J. M. C. Xavier, De A. M. P. Jesus, A. Fernandez-Canteli, and R. A. B. Calçada. "Probabilistic S-N Field Assessment for a Notched Plate Made of Puddle Iron From the Eiffel Bridge with an Elliptical Hole." Procedia Engineering. 114 (2015): 691-698. AbstractWebsite

Abstract Probabilistic fatigue models are required to account conveniently for several sources of uncertainty arising in the prediction procedures for structural details, such as the scatter in material behaviour. In this paper, a procedure to derive probabilistic S-N fields for structural details [1] is applied to a notched geometry with elliptic central hole made of puddle iron from the Eiffel bridge, based on the local approaches supported by the probabilistic ɛa–N or Smith–Watson–Topper (SWT)–N fields [1,2]. This procedure suggests an extension of the fatigue crack propagation model proposed by Noroozi et al. [3,4] to structural details, in order to cover both the fatigue crack initiation and fatigue crack propagation, based on local strain approaches to fatigue. Both fatigue crack initiation and fatigue crack propagation mechanisms are accounted for in the proposed approach. The numerical results are compared with available experimental S-N fatigue data for the notched plate under consideration.

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Silva, F. G. A., M. F. S. F. de Moura, N. Dourado, J. Xavier, F. A. M. Pereira, J. J. L. Morais, and M. I. R. Dias. "Mixed-mode I+II fracture characterization of human cortical bone using the Single Leg Bending test." Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials. 54 (2016): 72-81. AbstractWebsite

Abstract Mixed-mode I+II fracture characterization of human cortical bone was analyzed in this work. A miniaturized version of the Single Leg Bending test (SLB) was used owing to its simplicity. A power law criterion was verified to accurately describe the material fracture envelop under mixed-mode I+II loading. The crack tip opening displacements measured by digital image correlation were used in a direct method to determine the cohesive law mimicking fracture behavior of cortical bone. Cohesive zone modeling was used for the sake of validation. Several fracture quantities were compared with the experimental results and the good agreement observed proves the appropriateness of the proposed procedure for fracture characterization of human bone under mixed-mode I+II loading.

Xavier, J., A. M. R. Sousa, J. J. L. Morais, V. M. J. Filipe, and M. Vaz. "Measuring displacement fields by cross-correlation and a differential technique: experimental validation." Optical Engineering. 51 (2012): 043602. Abstract
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Pereira, J. C. R., A. M. P. de Jesus, J. Xavier, J. A. F. O. Correia, L. Susmel, and A. A. Fernandes. "Low and ultra-low-cycle fatigue behavior of X52 piping steel based on theory of critical distances." International Journal of Fatigue (2020): 105482. AbstractWebsite

The cyclic failure observed in structural components such as pipelines subjected to extreme loading conditions highlights some limitations concerning the application of existing fatigue damage models. The evaluation and prediction of this type of failure in these steel components under large-scale plastic yielding associated with high levels of stress triaxiality are not sufficiently known nor explored. This fatigue domain is conventionally called ultra-low-cycle fatigue (ULCF) and damage features are representative of both low-cycle fatigue (LCF) and monotonic ductile fracture. Thus, in order to understand the ULCF damage mechanisms both monotonic and LCF tests are required to get representative bounding damage information to model the material damage behaviour under such extreme loading conditions. This paper aims at exploring the Theory of Critical Distances (TCD) in the LCF and ULCF fatigue regimes, including the application of the point, line and area methods. The application of the TCD theories has not been explored so far in the ULCF fatigue regimes, despite its promising results in the LCF and high-cycle fatigue. An experimental program was carried out on several specimens’ geometries made of X52 piping steel. In detail, smooth plane specimens and notched plane specimens were cyclic loaded under tension/compression loading in order to obtain fatigue lives within the range of 101-104 cycles. In addition, cyclic bending tests on notched plane specimens were also incorporated in this study. Finite element simulations of all small-scale tests were conducted allowing to derive elastoplastic stress/strain fields along the potential crack paths. The numerical data were subjected to a post-processing in order to find characteristic lengths that can be treated as a fatigue property according to the TCD. A unified strain-life relation is proposed for the X52 piping steel together with a characteristic material length, consisting of a practical relation for pipeline strain-based design under extreme cyclic loading conditions.

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Silva, F. G. A., M. F. S. F. de Moura, N. Dourado, J. Xavier, F. A. M. Pereira, J. J. L. Morais, M. I. R. Dias, P. J. Lourenço, and F. M. Judas. "Fracture characterization of human cortical bone under mode II loading using the end-notched flexure test." Medical {&} Biological Engineering {&} Computing. 55 (2017): 1249-1260. AbstractWebsite

Fracture characterization of human cortical bone under mode II loading was analyzed using a miniaturized version of the end-notched flexure test. A data reduction scheme based on crack equivalent concept was employed to overcome uncertainties on crack length monitoring during the test. The crack tip shear displacement was experimentally measured using digital image correlation technique to determine the cohesive law that mimics bone fracture behavior under mode II loading. The developed procedure was validated by finite element analysis using cohesive zone modeling considering a trapezoidal with bilinear softening relationship. Experimental load-displacement curves, resistance curves and crack tip shear displacement versus applied displacement were used to validate the numerical procedure. The excellent agreement observed between the numerical and experimental results reveals the appropriateness of the proposed test and procedure to characterize human cortical bone fracture under mode II loading. The proposed methodology can be viewed as a novel valuable tool to be used in parametric and methodical clinical studies regarding features (e.g., age, diseases, drugs) influencing bone shear fracture under mode II loading.

Silva, F., M. de Moura, N. Dourado, J. Xavier, F. Pereira, J. Morais, M. Dias, P. Lourenço, and F. Judas. "Fracture Characterization of Human Cortical Bone Under Mode I Loading." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering. 137 (2015): 121004. AbstractWebsite

A miniaturized version of the double cantilever beam (DCB) test is used to determine the fracture energy in human cortical bone under pure mode I loading. An equivalent crack length based data-reduction scheme is used with remarkable advantages relative to classical methods. Digital image correlation (DIC) technique is employed to determine crack opening displacement at the crack tip being correlated with the evolution of fracture energy. A method is presented to obtain the cohesive law (trapezoidal bilinear softening) mimicking the mechanical behavior observed in bone. Cohesive zone modeling (CZM) (finite-element method) was performed to validate the procedure showing excellent agreement.

Silva, TEF, S. Gain, D. Pinto, A. M. P. de Jesus, J. Xavier, A. Reis, and P. A. R. Rosa. "Fracture characterization of a cast aluminum alloy aiming machining simulation." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications. 233 (2019): 402-412. AbstractWebsite

Despite extensive research regarding metal cutting simulation, the current industrial practice very often relies on empirical data when it comes to tool design. In order accurately simulate the cutting process it is not only important to have robust numerical models that closely portray the phenomenon, but also to properly characterize the material taking into account the cutting conditions. The goal of this investigation focuses on the mechanical characterization of the cast aluminum alloy AlSi9Cu3 by conducting both compression and fracture tests. Due to its very good castability, machinability, and attractive mechanical properties, this alloy is widely used in casting industry for the manufacture of automotive components, among others. Besides the experimental characterization, a numerical methodology is proposed for the modeling of the cast alloy, making use of the Johnson–Cook constitutive material model, in Abaqus/CAE. The material model is calibrated based on compression tests at multiple conditions (quasi-static, incremental dynamic and high temperatures). The identified model is then validated by simulation of the ductile fracture tests of notched specimens. The obtained numerical results were consistent with the experimentally obtained, contributing to the validity of the presented characterization technique.

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Silva, Patrícia, Pedro Fernandes, José Sena-Cruz, José Xavier, Fernando Castro, Delfim Soares, and Vítor Carneiro. "Effects of different environmental conditions on the mechanical characteristics of a structural epoxy." Composites Part B: Engineering. 88 (2016): 55-63. AbstractWebsite

Abstract With the aim of characterising a commercially available epoxy adhesive used for fibre-reinforced polymers strengthening applications, when submitted to different environmental conditions, mainly thermal (TC), freeze–thaw (FT), and wet–dry (WD) cycles and immersion in pure (PW) and water with chlorides (CW) for periods of exposure that lasted up to 16 months, an experimental program was carried out. Several methodologies were used in its characterization, mainly the scanning electron microscope (SEM), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), standard tensile tests (STT) coupled with digital image correlation (DIC). In general the results revealed that the chemical composition was not affected by the environmental conditions. Nevertheless, it was verified through \{DMA\} and \{STT\} that the modulus of elasticity and tensile strength of the epoxy adhesive increased in the TC, while the specimens submitted to \{PW\} and \{CW\} faced a high degradation in terms of its mechanical properties. Eventually, the glass transition temperature (Tg) was not affected by the environmental conditions, apart from the specimens subjected to \{TC\} and FT, presenting a higher and lower Tg, respectively, when compared with the reference specimens.

Garon-Roca, J., J. M. Sena-Cruz, P. Fernandes, and J. Xavier. "Effect of wet-dry cycles on the bond behaviour of concrete elements strengthened with NSM CFRP laminate strips." Composite Structures. 132 (2015): 331-340. AbstractWebsite

Abstract The near-surface mounted (NSM) strengthening technique is capable of effectively increase the bearing capacity of structural concrete elements. This technique which basically consists of placing \{FRP\} reinforcements inside small grooves cut in the concrete cover, has been widely investigated in terms of structural performance and ability to improve the flexural and shear behaviour of reinforced concrete beams and columns. However, little research has been carried out concerning to the \{NSM\} long-term performance and durability. Motivated by the need of increasing the knowledge on the expected durability of the \{NSM\} technique using \{CFRP\} laminates, this paper presents an experimental program in which direct pull-out tests are carried out for evaluating the bond behaviour of specimens aged through wet-dry cycles. A total of 30 specimens are tested, analysing the effect of the bond length, the groove width, the groove depth and the aging effect on the bond behaviour. Digital image correlation method is also used to identify the bond resistant mechanism developed in an element strengthened using \{NSM\} technique. Finally, using the experimental results, an analytical�numerical strategy is applied to establish the local bond stress�slip relationship.

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Fernandes, Pedro, José Sena-Cruz, José Xavier, Patrícia Silva, Eduardo Pereira, and José Cruz. "Durability of bond in NSM CFRP-concrete systems under different environmental conditions." Composites Part B: Engineering. 138 (2018): 19-34. AbstractWebsite

Abstract This paper addresses the durability of bond between concrete and carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) strips installed according to the near-surface mounted (NSM) technique (NSM CFRP-concrete systems) under the effects of two main groups of environmental conditions: (i) laboratory-based ageing conditions; (ii) real outdoor ageing conditions. The bond degradation was evaluated by carrying out direct pullout tests on aged specimens that were previously subjected to distinct environmental conditions for different periods of exposure. Moreover, the degradation of the mechanical properties of the involved materials was investigated. The digital image correlation (DIC) method was used to document the evolution of the deformation fields at the surface over the whole region of interest consisting of concrete and epoxy adhesive at the ligament region. This information supported the discussion about the evolution of the bond resistant mechanism developed in \{NSM\} CFRP-concrete specimens during testing, as well as the assessment of the bond quality of the system. In general, the results obtained from the durability tests conducted have shown that the different exposure environments, which may be considered as quite severe, did not result in significant damage on \{NSM\} CFRP-concrete system. The maximum decrease of about 12% on bond strength was obtained for real outdoor environments. Conversely, a maximum increase of 8% on bond strength was obtained on the specimens exposed to the temperature cycles between -15��C and +60��C. \{DIC\} allowed to document the stress transfer mechanisms established between the \{CFRP\} and the concrete substrate, revealing the crack patterns and the influence widths of the \{CFRP\} reinforcement strips, which were shown to be important for avoiding group effect when using multiple parallel strengthening \{CFRP\} strips.

Subramani, P., S. Rana, D. V. Oliveira, R. Fangueiro, and J. Xavier. "Development of novel auxetic structures based on braided composites." Materials & Design. 61 (2014): 286-295. AbstractWebsite
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Subramani, P., Sohel Rana, Bahman Ghiassi, Raul Fangueiro, Daniel V. Oliveira, Paulo B. Lourenco, and Jose Xavier. "Development and characterization of novel auxetic structures based on re-entrant hexagon design produced from braided composites." Composites Part B: Engineering. 93 (2016): 132-142. AbstractWebsite

Abstract This paper reports the first attempt of developing macro-scale auxetic structures based on re-entrant hexagon design from braided composite materials for civil engineering applications. Braided composite rods (BCRs) were produced and arranged as longitudinal and horizontal elements to produce three types of auxetic structures: (1) basic re-entrant hexagon structure, (2) basic structure modified by adding straight longitudinal elements and (3): structure-2 modified by changing structural angle. The influence of various material and structural parameters as well as structure type on Poisson's ratio and tensile properties was thoroughly investigated. The auxetic behaviour was found to strongly depend on the structural angle and straight elements, resulting in lower auxeticity with lower angles and in presence of straight elements. Material parameters influenced the auxetic behaviour to a lesser extent and a decrease in auxetic behaviour was noticed with increase in core fibre linear density and using stiffer fibres such as carbon. The reverse effect was observed in case of tensile strength and work of rupture. Among these structures, structure-3 exhibited good auxetic behaviour, balanced tensile properties, and high energy absorption capacity and their auxetic behaviour could be well predicted with the developed analytical model. Therefore, these novel structures present good potential for strengthening of civil structures.

Silva, F. G. A., J. J. L. Morais, N. Dourado, J. Xavier, F. A. M. Pereira, and M. F. S. F. de Moura. "Determination of cohesive laws in wood bonded joints under mode II loading using the ENF test." International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives. 51 (2014): 54-61. AbstractWebsite

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Silva, F., J. Xavier, F. A. M. Pereira, J. Morais, N. Dourado, and M. F. S. F. de Moura. "Determination of cohesive laws in wood bonded joints under mode I loading using the DCB test." Holzforschung. 67 (2013): 835-959. AbstractWebsite
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Sousa, A. M. R., J. Xavier, M. Vaz, J. J. L. Morais, and V. M. J. Filipe. "Cross-correlation and differential technique combination to determine displacement fields." Strain. 47 (2011): 87-98. Abstract

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Silva, A. L. L., A. M. P. de Jesus, J. Xavier, J. A. F. O. Correia, and A. A. Fernandes. "Combined analytical-numerical methodologies for the evaluation of mixed-mode (I+II) fatigue crack growth rates in structural steels." Engineering Fracture Mechanics. 185 (2017): 124-138. AbstractWebsite

Abstract This paper proposes an experimental study aiming to evaluate stress intensity factors (SIFs) for fatigue cracks propagating under pure mode I and mixed-mode I+II for a S235 structural steel. Compact tension (CT) specimens with a side hole were manufactured in order to generate a stress field, ahead of the crack tip, resulting in mixed-mode fatigue crack propagation. Specimens with distinct side hole locations were submitted to fatigue tests under stress controlled conditions for a stress rati

Raposo, P. C., J. Martins, J. A. F. O. Correia, M. E. Salavessa, C. Reis, J. M. C. Xavier, and A. M. P. de Jesus. "Characterization of the Tensile Mechanical Behavior of Wooden Construction on Materials from Historic Building." Procedia Structural Integrity. 5 (2017): 1086-1091. AbstractWebsite

Abstract Ancient structures are part of the inheritance our elders left us. These historical inheritance needs to be preserved, so the historic structures need to be rehabilitated and restored, protecting the cultural patrimony and attending to the comfort and habitability required nowadays. In order to accomplish a good and economic rehabilitation is essential to study the behaviour of traditional structures elements (masonry and wood) in order to develop adequate assessment measures and techniques. In this context it was carried out an experimental campaign to characterize the tensile mechanical behavior of the woods from the �sequeiro� wood structure, integral part of the �Quinta de Lobeira de Cima� farm. This building from the 20th century is located in Minho, Portugal. Tensile Tests were carried out for two different species of wood, chestnut and oak. The tensile tests were performed to obtain the tensile strength parallel to the fibers, using the digital image correlation (DIC) for the extension measurement.

Raposo, P., J. Martins, J. Correia, Maria E. Salavessa, Cristina Reis, José Xavier, and Abilio M. P. de Jesus. "Characterization of the mechanical behaviour of wooden construction materials from quinta lobeira de cima." International Journal of Structural Integrity. 9 (2018): 396-410. AbstractWebsite

Purpose The antique structures are part of the inheritance that our elders left, being important to preserve their memories. It is important to preserve, rehabilitate and restore the historic buildings protecting the cultural patrimony, attending to the actual comfort and habitability requirements. It is necessary to study the behaviour of the various elements that compose antique structures (masonry and wood) in order to develop assessment measures according to the characteristics of the original materials. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach An experimental campaign to characterize the mechanical behaviour of the wood of the roof of the �sequeiro� of �Quinta Lobeira de Cima�, a building from the twentieth century located in Minho, was carried out. The tested wood specimens are from two different species: chestnut and oak. Compression, tension and static flexion tests according to parallel to the grain direction were performed. Other parameters, such as density, moisture content and longitudinal modulus of elasticity in compression and in tension, were also obtained. The measurement of displacements was made with Digital Image Correlation (DIC). Findings The results of this study show the similarity between experimental and empirical values for the studied woods species. Originality/value This original study aimed at characterizing the mechanical properties using DIC of wood of the roof of the �sequeiro� of �Quinta Lobeira de Cima�, a building from the twentieth century located in Minho (Portugal). This study is part of master thesis of Jo�o Martins, an original research work.