This report is the 3rd and final report elaborated for the project CrowdWork by the Portuguese team. The text provides the context in which digital platforms operate, as well as the main governmental initiatives in some of the sectors. Five case studies provide a description of each sector and an analysis of the existing / emerging collective
organisations, their promotors, rationale and extension. In the last chapter, the text presents our main conclusions and recommendations for policy making.

The potential of technology for teaching and learning mathematics has been widely recognized. However, research has shown that the integration of technology into teaching practice has proved to be difficult, with teachers' knowledge and professional development being identified as a determinant factor. Although there tends to be a focus on the teacher's knowledge of technology, the literature suggests that attention needs to be given to how to integrate technology into teaching practice, thereby involving other types of knowledge. This awareness has led several authors, inspired by Shulman's work, to develop models or conceptualizations of the knowledge required for effective integration of technology.
This study is based on a literature review of the research conducted on the models TPACK - Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge, KTMT - Knowledge for Teaching Mathematics with Technology, and PTK/MPTK - Mathematical Pedagogical Technology Knowledge and aims to carry out an analysis of the similarities and differences between the models considered. The main conclusions reached suggest the existence of a common basis for the models considered, but also point to several differences between them, with some highlighting the role of technology and its impact on the teaching and learning process, while others aim to integrate into the model elements based on research on technology or theories related to technology integration, such as instrumental genesis.

The EU unveiled a stimulus package as part of the multiannual financial framework (MFF) for 2021–2027 and the temporary instrument designed to boost the economic recovery. This countercyclical response is aimed at avoiding a decline in the EU economy and protecting employment, vulnerable companies and necessity-driven entrepreneurs; however, it should also lay the foundations for a desirable entrepreneurial paradigm for the future that is driven by opportunity and embedded in a Circular Economy aligned to global well-being. We propose a new model that implies a different EU policy which puts entrepreneurship on the path toward and not away from development.

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The Late Triassic (Norian) outcrops of the Malmros Klint Formation, Jameson Land (Greenland) have yielded numerous specimens of non-sauropod sauropodomorphs. Relevant fossils were briefly reported in 1994 and were assigned to Plateosaurus trossingensis. However, continuous new findings of early non-sauropod sauropodomorphs around the globe facilitate comparisons and allow us to now revise this material. Here, the non-sauropod sauropodomorph Issi saaneq gen. et sp. nov. is described based on two almost complete and articulated skulls. The two skulls represent a middle-stage juvenile and a late-stage juvenile or subadult. Issi saaneq differs from all other sauropodomorphs by several unique traits: (1) a small foramen at the medial surface of the premaxilla; (2) an anteroposteriorly elongated dorsoposterior process of the squamosal; (3) a relatively high quadrate relative to rostrum height; (4) a well-developed posterodorsal process of the articular. These features cannot be explained by taphonomy, ontogeny, or intraspecific variation. Issi saaneq shows affinities to Brazilian plateosaurids and the European Plateosaurus, being recovered as the sister clade of the latter in our phylogenetic analysis. It is the northernmost record of a Late Triassic sauropodomorph, and a new dinosaur species erected for Greenland. Issi saaneq broadens our knowledge about the evolution of plateosaurid sauropodomorphs.

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Portugal has been referred as one example of lower levels of integration of social partners in the governance of education and training systems (Sanz de Miguel, 2017). There is lack of research about the effectiveness of the governance of the only program close to the Dual VET concept: the Apprenticeship system. A pilot project of Dual VET ran from 2012 and terminated in 2016 without substantial evaluation. The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the role social partners have in the governance of the existing Portuguese Apprenticeship system. We carried out extensive review of the scientific and grey literature about Dual VET for youngsters in Portugal, as well as database queries to official statistical sources. Our research reveals a complex formal role: The employment agency IEFP provides funding for Apprenticeship and negotiates with the main social partners the allocation of the Single Social Tax for its regional centres. Indirectly, many social partners are formally involved in the general VET governance participating in various coordination and monitoring structures of the National System of Qualifications and other regulatory agencies (IEFP and ANQEP). In this article we also discuss possible causes for the failure of the pilot Dual VET, which took effect within the scope of a curricular review of the primary and secondary education.

Teacher education is central to promote the development of the professional knowledge of teachers, and
to help them achieve an appropriate integration of digital technologies, an issue that has proved to be a
difficult one. Several authors refer difficulties in the integration of the technology, emphasizing the central
role played by the teachers’ knowledge in classroom use. In this paper we discuss three models (TPACK
– Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge, KTMT – Knowledge for Teaching Mathematics with
Technology, PTK / MPTK - Mathematical Pedagogical Technology Knowledge), intending to identify the
main contributions of each model to a deeper understanding of how to promote the teachers’ integration
of technology in the teaching of Mathematics. The study is based on a literature review and on an analysis
of the similarities and differences among the models and its use. On this analysis we identify common
influences among the models as well as influences from other research areas. The main conclusions
achieved point to a common base to all the models considered, but also to several differences among
them, being that some of the models emphasize the role of technology and its impact on Mathematics
learning, but others go further, intending to integrate in the model elements based on the research on
technology or even other theories such as the one on instrumental genesis.

The Cellulosome is an intricate macromolecular protein complex that centralizes the cellulolytic efforts of many anaerobic microorganisms through the promotion of enzyme synergy and protein stability. The assembly of numerous carbohydrate processing enzymes into a macromolecular multiprotein structure results from the interaction of enzyme-borne dockerin modules with repeated cohesin modules present in noncatalytic scaffold proteins, termed scaffoldins. Cohesin–dockerin (Coh-Doc) modules are typically classified into different types, depending on structural conformation and cellulosome role. Thus, type I Coh-Doc complexes are usually responsible for enzyme integration into the cellulosome, while type II Coh-Doc complexes tether the cellulosome to the bacterial wall. In contrast to other known cellulosomes, cohesin types from Bacteroides cellulosolvens, a cellulosome-producing bacterium capable of utilizing cellulose and cellobiose as carbon sources, are reversed for all scaffoldins, i.e., the type II cohesins are located on the enzyme-integrating primary scaffoldin, whereas the type I cohesins are located on the anchoring scaffoldins. It has been previously shown that type I B. cellulosolvens interactions possess a dual-binding mode that adds flexibility to scaffoldin assembly. Herein, we report the structural mechanism of enzyme recruitment into B. cellulosolvens cellulosome and the identification of the molecular determinants of its type II cohesin–dockerin interactions. The results indicate that, unlike other type II complexes, these possess a dual-binding mode of interaction, akin to type I complexes. Therefore, the plasticity of dual-binding mode interactions seems to play a pivotal role in the assembly of B. cellulosolvens cellulosome, which is consistent with its unmatched complexity and size.

Mechanical anchorage devices have the potential to efficiently improve the bond behavior of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) Externally Bonded (EB) onto steel with an adhesive. Existing relevant studies, however, have been very limited. Against this background, experimental and numerical studies on the double overlapped CFRP-to-steel bonded joints with an end mechanical anchorage were carried out in the present study. Two types of CFRP laminates (i.e., SIKA CFRP and the other type made in Harbin Institute of Technology – HIT) were used in the bond tests, with or without end mechanical anchorage devices. The test results showed that the end mechanical anchorage had marginal effect on the bond-slip relationship between EB CFRP and steel as well as debonding load, but could increase the ultimate load. It was also found that CFRP laminate from HIT had a better bond performance than that from SIKA, in terms of both debonding load and ultimate load. Using ABAQUS, Finite Element (FE) model was established on such bonded joints and the accuracy was verified with test results. The verified FE model was adopted in a parametric study to further clarify the effect of key parameters on the bond behavior of such bonded joints. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd

Nowadays, the use of the Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique has spread and it is being used in several engineering areas to measure displacements. The available data obtained from the DIC measurement to evaluate the bond performance between a Carbon fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) externally bonded to a timber substrate is scarce. From the existing data obtained with other materials, this contactless technique revealed to be quite useful but its accuracy with other well-established techniques, such as the use of electric strain gauges is not well understood yet. Therefore, the current work aims to study the accuracy of 2D DIC measurements with the measurements obtained from the use of strain gauges within a low-cost perspective. To that end, several CFRP-to-timber bonded joints were tested under the single-lap shear test and different bonding techniques were considered as well. Some flaws intrinsically derived from the DIC measurements that complicate the bond assessment, such as the fluctuations in the generated displacements field, are identified, and to bypass this problem a new methodology is proposed. This new methodology is based on two different closed-form solutions that, after defining the local and global bond behaviours of different CFRP-to-timber bonded joints, allowed to eliminate the fluctuations found from the DIC measurements, facilitating the estimation and the comprehension of the full debonding process of the CFRP-to-timber joints, which was achieved with a good proximity to the homologous debonding process derived from the strain gauge measurements. © 2020