@article {Vieira2019,
	title = {{Prediction of sunlight-driven CO2 conversion: Producing methane from photovoltaics, and full system design for single-house application}},
	journal = {Materials Today Energy},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2019},
	note = {n/a},
	month = {dec},
	publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
	abstract = {<p>CO2 capture and utilization (CCU) technologies are being immensely researched as means to close the anthropogenic carbon cycle. One approach known as artificial photosynthesis uses solar energy from photovoltaics (PV), carbon dioxide and water to generate hydrocarbon fuels, being methane (CH4) a preferential target due to the already in place infrastructures for its storage, distribution and consumption. Here, a model is developed to simulate a direct (1-step) solar methane production approach, which is studied in two scenarios: first, we compare it against a more conventional 2-step methane production route, and second, we apply it to address the energetic needs of concept buildings with usual space and domestic hot water heating requirements. The analysed 2-step process consists in the PV-powered synthesis of an intermediate fuel {\textendash} syngas {\textendash} followed by its conversion to CH4 via a Fischer{\textendash}Tropsch (methanation) process. It was found that the 1-step route could be adequate to a domestic, small scale use, potentially providing energy for a single-family house, whilst the 2-step can be used in both small and large scale applications, from domestic to industrial uses. In terms of overall solar-to-CH4 energy efficiency, the 2-step method reaches 13.26{\%} against the 9.18{\%} reached by the 1-step method. Next, the application of the direct solar methane technology is analysed for domestic buildings, in different European locations, equipped with a combination of solar thermal collectors (STCs) and PV panels, in which the heating needs that cannot be fulfilled by the STCs are satisfied by the combustion of methane synthesized by the PV-powered electrolyzers. Various combinations of situations for a whole year were studied and it was found that this auxiliary system can produce, per m2 of PV area, in the worst case scenario 23.6 g/day (0.328 kWh/day) of methane in Stockholm, and in the best case scenario 47.4 g/day (0.658 kWh/day) in Lisbon.</p>
},
	keywords = {Artificial photosynthesis, Building-integrated solar methane, CO2 electrolysis, Fisher{\textendash}Tropsch synthesis, Photovoltaic-powered electrochemical conversion},
	issn = {24686069},
	doi = {10.1016/j.mtener.2019.07.004},
	author = {Vieira, F. and Sarmento, B. and Reis-Machado, A. S. and Fac{\~a}o, J. and Carvalho, M. J. and Mendes, MJ and Fortunato, E. and Martins, R.}
}
