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Fernández-Cabo, J. L., R. Widmann, M. Arce-Blanco, R. Crocetti, J. Xavier, and A. Majano-Majano. "Assessment of wire-frame analysis models of a historical planked timber arch." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings. 168 (2015): 680-694. AbstractWebsite
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Raposo, P., J. Martins, J. Correia, Maria E. Salavessa, Cristina Reis, José Xavier, and Abilio M. P. de Jesus. "Characterization of the mechanical behaviour of wooden construction materials from quinta lobeira de cima." International Journal of Structural Integrity. 9 (2018): 396-410. AbstractWebsite

Purpose The antique structures are part of the inheritance that our elders left, being important to preserve their memories. It is important to preserve, rehabilitate and restore the historic buildings protecting the cultural patrimony, attending to the actual comfort and habitability requirements. It is necessary to study the behaviour of the various elements that compose antique structures (masonry and wood) in order to develop assessment measures according to the characteristics of the original materials. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach An experimental campaign to characterize the mechanical behaviour of the wood of the roof of the �sequeiro� of �Quinta Lobeira de Cima�, a building from the twentieth century located in Minho, was carried out. The tested wood specimens are from two different species: chestnut and oak. Compression, tension and static flexion tests according to parallel to the grain direction were performed. Other parameters, such as density, moisture content and longitudinal modulus of elasticity in compression and in tension, were also obtained. The measurement of displacements was made with Digital Image Correlation (DIC). Findings The results of this study show the similarity between experimental and empirical values for the studied woods species. Originality/value This original study aimed at characterizing the mechanical properties using DIC of wood of the roof of the �sequeiro� of �Quinta Lobeira de Cima�, a building from the twentieth century located in Minho (Portugal). This study is part of master thesis of Jo�o Martins, an original research work.

Raposo, P. C., J. Martins, J. A. F. O. Correia, M. E. Salavessa, C. Reis, J. M. C. Xavier, and A. M. P. de Jesus. "Characterization of the Tensile Mechanical Behavior of Wooden Construction on Materials from Historic Building." Procedia Structural Integrity. 5 (2017): 1086-1091. AbstractWebsite

Abstract Ancient structures are part of the inheritance our elders left us. These historical inheritance needs to be preserved, so the historic structures need to be rehabilitated and restored, protecting the cultural patrimony and attending to the comfort and habitability required nowadays. In order to accomplish a good and economic rehabilitation is essential to study the behaviour of traditional structures elements (masonry and wood) in order to develop adequate assessment measures and techniques. In this context it was carried out an experimental campaign to characterize the tensile mechanical behavior of the woods from the �sequeiro� wood structure, integral part of the �Quinta de Lobeira de Cima� farm. This building from the 20th century is located in Minho, Portugal. Tensile Tests were carried out for two different species of wood, chestnut and oak. The tensile tests were performed to obtain the tensile strength parallel to the fibers, using the digital image correlation (DIC) for the extension measurement.

Dias, G. F., M. F. S. F. de Moura, J. A. G. Chousal, and J. Xavier. "Cohesive laws of composite bonded joints under mode I loading." Composite Structures. 106 (2013): 646-652. Abstract
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Silva, A. L. L., A. M. P. de Jesus, J. Xavier, J. A. F. O. Correia, and A. A. Fernandes. "Combined analytical-numerical methodologies for the evaluation of mixed-mode (I+II) fatigue crack growth rates in structural steels." Engineering Fracture Mechanics. 185 (2017): 124-138. AbstractWebsite

Abstract This paper proposes an experimental study aiming to evaluate stress intensity factors (SIFs) for fatigue cracks propagating under pure mode I and mixed-mode I+II for a S235 structural steel. Compact tension (CT) specimens with a side hole were manufactured in order to generate a stress field, ahead of the crack tip, resulting in mixed-mode fatigue crack propagation. Specimens with distinct side hole locations were submitted to fatigue tests under stress controlled conditions for a stress rati

Xavier, J. C., N. M. Garrido, M. Oliveira, J. L. Morais, P. P. Camanho, and F. Pierron. "A comparison between the Iosipescu and off-axis shear test methods for the characterization of ıt Pinus pinaster Ait." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. 35 (2004): 827-840. Abstract

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Fernandes, R. M. R. P., J. A. G. Chousal, M. F. S. F. de Moura, and J. Xavier. "Determination of cohesive laws of composite bonded joints under mode II loading." Composites Part B: Engineering. 52 (2013): 269-274. Abstract

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Cidade, Rafael A., Daniel S. V. Castro, Enrique M. Castrodeza, Peter Kuhn, Giuseppe Catalanotti, Jose Xavier, and Pedro P. Camanho. "Determination of mode I dynamic fracture toughness of IM7-8552 composites by digital image correlation and machine learning." Composite Structures. 210 (2019): 707-714. AbstractWebsite

An optical experimental procedure for evaluating the J-Integral from full-field displacement fields under dynamic loading is proposed in this work. The methodology is applied to measure the J-integral in the dynamic compressive loading of fiber-reinforced composites and to calculate the dynamic fracture toughness associated with the propagation of a kink-band. A modified J-Integral that considers inertia effects is calculated over the full-field measurements obtained by digital image correlation, for double edge-notched specimen of IM7-8552 laminates dynamically loaded in a split-Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB). A sensibility study is conducted to address the influence of the speckle parameters. The results show good agreement with experimental observations obtained by using a different data reduction method, suggesting the existence of a rising R-curve for the studied material under dynamic loading. Furthermore, it was noticed that the inertia effect can be negligible, indicating a state of dynamic equilibrium in which quasi-static approaches may comfortably be used.

Kuhn, P., G. Catalanotti, J. Xavier, M. Ploeckl, and H. Koerber. "Determination of the crack resistance curve for intralaminar fiber tensile failure mode in polymer composites under high rate loading." Composite Structures. 204 (2018): 276-287. AbstractWebsite

This paper presents the determination of the crack resistance curve of the unidirectional carbon-epoxy composite material IM7-8552 for intralaminar fiber tensile failure under dynamic loading. The methodology, proposed by Catalanotti et al. (2014) for quasi-static loading conditions, was enhanced to high rate loading in the order of about 60 ?s-1. Dynamic tests were performed using a split-Hopkinson tension bar, while quasi-static reference tests were conducted on a standard electromechanical testing machine. Double-edge notched tension specimens of different sizes were tested to obtain the size effect law, which in combination with the concepts of the energy release rate is used to measure the entire crack resistance curve for the fiber tensile failure mode. Digital image correlation is applied to further verify the validity of the experiments performed at both static and dynamic loading. The data reduction methodology applied in this paper is suitable for intralaminar fiber failure modes without significant delamination. Sufficient proof is given that quasi-static fracture mechanics theory can also be used for the data reduction of the dynamic tests. It is shown, that the intralaminar fracture toughness for fiber tensile failure of UD IM7-8552 increases with increasing rate of loading.

Crespo, J., A. Majano-Majano, J. Xavier, and M. Guaita. "Determination of the resistance-curve in Eucalyptus globulus through double cantilever beam tests." Materials and Structures. 51 (2018): 77. AbstractWebsite

The prediction of the fracture behaviour through reliable and practical criteria in the design of structural timber elements and connections has become of great importance and demands a proper fracture characterization of the material. Eucalyptus globulus Labill is envisioned as a hardwood species with great potential for high performance structural purposes because of its major mechanical and durability properties, being so far mainly used in paper industry. Experimental research on the identification of the resistance curves to derive the critical strain energy release rate in Eucalyptus globulus L. under pure mode I and RL crack propagation system is performed by means of Double Cantilever Beam tests. Three different data reduction schemes are compared: the Modified Experimental Compliance Method; and two approaches of the Compliance Based Beam Method. These methods take into account the non negligible damage mechanisms at the fracture process zone and have the advantage of being based exclusively on the specimen compliance following an equivalent crack concept, for which crack length monitoring during testing is not required. The Compliance Based Beam Method turns out to be the most appropriate data reduction scheme to obtain the critical energy release rate in eucalyptus because of its simplicity. Concerning this, a high average value of 720�J/m2 was obtained confirming Eucalyptus globulus L. as a promising hardwood species for timber structural design.

Fernandes, Pedro, José Sena-Cruz, José Xavier, Patrícia Silva, Eduardo Pereira, and José Cruz. "Durability of bond in NSM CFRP-concrete systems under different environmental conditions." Composites Part B: Engineering. 138 (2018): 19-34. AbstractWebsite

Abstract This paper addresses the durability of bond between concrete and carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) strips installed according to the near-surface mounted (NSM) technique (NSM CFRP-concrete systems) under the effects of two main groups of environmental conditions: (i) laboratory-based ageing conditions; (ii) real outdoor ageing conditions. The bond degradation was evaluated by carrying out direct pullout tests on aged specimens that were previously subjected to distinct environmental conditions for different periods of exposure. Moreover, the degradation of the mechanical properties of the involved materials was investigated. The digital image correlation (DIC) method was used to document the evolution of the deformation fields at the surface over the whole region of interest consisting of concrete and epoxy adhesive at the ligament region. This information supported the discussion about the evolution of the bond resistant mechanism developed in \{NSM\} CFRP-concrete specimens during testing, as well as the assessment of the bond quality of the system. In general, the results obtained from the durability tests conducted have shown that the different exposure environments, which may be considered as quite severe, did not result in significant damage on \{NSM\} CFRP-concrete system. The maximum decrease of about 12% on bond strength was obtained for real outdoor environments. Conversely, a maximum increase of 8% on bond strength was obtained on the specimens exposed to the temperature cycles between -15��C and +60��C. \{DIC\} allowed to document the stress transfer mechanisms established between the \{CFRP\} and the concrete substrate, revealing the crack patterns and the influence widths of the \{CFRP\} reinforcement strips, which were shown to be important for avoiding group effect when using multiple parallel strengthening \{CFRP\} strips.

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Arteiro, A., G. Catalanotti, J. Xavier, P. Linde, and P. P. Camanho. "Effect of tow thickness on the structural response of aerospace-grade spread-tow fabrics." Composite Structures. 179 (2017): 208-223. AbstractWebsite

The effect of ply thickness on the onset of intralaminar and interlaminar damage is extremely important for the structural response of laminated composite structures. This subject has gained particular interest in recent years due to the introduction in the market of spread-tow, ultra-thin carbon-fibre reinforcements with different configurations. In the present paper, an experimental test campaign was carried out to study the structural response of aerospace-grade plain weave spread-tow fabrics (STFs) of different areal weights. The results showed that, in spite of an apparent superior longitudinal tensile strength of the thick STF, the multidirectional thin-STF laminate exhibited an improved tensile unnotched strength over the thick-STF laminate, attributed to its damage suppression capability. However, damage suppression was also responsible for similar tensile notched strengths. In compression, the thin-STF laminate performed substantially better than the thick-STF laminate in both unnotched and notched configurations. Finally, a similar bearing response was obtained in both STF laminates, in spite of a slightly higher resistance of the thin-STF laminate to the propagation of subcritical damage mechanisms.

Silva, Patrícia, Pedro Fernandes, José Sena-Cruz, José Xavier, Fernando Castro, Delfim Soares, and Vítor Carneiro. "Effects of different environmental conditions on the mechanical characteristics of a structural epoxy." Composites Part B: Engineering. 88 (2016): 55-63. AbstractWebsite

Abstract With the aim of characterising a commercially available epoxy adhesive used for fibre-reinforced polymers strengthening applications, when submitted to different environmental conditions, mainly thermal (TC), freeze–thaw (FT), and wet–dry (WD) cycles and immersion in pure (PW) and water with chlorides (CW) for periods of exposure that lasted up to 16 months, an experimental program was carried out. Several methodologies were used in its characterization, mainly the scanning electron microscope (SEM), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), standard tensile tests (STT) coupled with digital image correlation (DIC). In general the results revealed that the chemical composition was not affected by the environmental conditions. Nevertheless, it was verified through \{DMA\} and \{STT\} that the modulus of elasticity and tensile strength of the epoxy adhesive increased in the TC, while the specimens submitted to \{PW\} and \{CW\} faced a high degradation in terms of its mechanical properties. Eventually, the glass transition temperature (Tg) was not affected by the environmental conditions, apart from the specimens subjected to \{TC\} and FT, presenting a higher and lower Tg, respectively, when compared with the reference specimens.

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Arteiro, A., G. Catalanotti, J. Xavier, and P. P. Camanho. "A Finite Fracture Mechanics Model for the Prediction of the Notched Response and Large Damage Capability of Composite Laminates." Advances in Fracture and Damage Mechanics XIII. Vol. 627. Key Engineering Materials, 627. Trans Tech Publications, 2015. 13-16. Abstract

A new model based on Finite Fracture Mechanics (FFMs) has been proposed to predict the open-hole tensile strength of composite laminates [1]. Failure is predicted when bothstress-based and energy-based criteria are satisfied. This model is based on an analytical solution, and no empirical adjusting parameters are required, but only two material properties: the unnotched strength and the fracture toughness. In the present work, an extension of the proposed FFMs model to predict the notched response of composite laminates with notch geometries other than a circular opening [2] is presented and applied to the prediction of size effects on the tensile and compressive notched strength of composite laminates. The present model is also used to assess the notch sensitivity and brittleness of composite laminates by means of versatile design charts and by the identification of a dimensionless parameter designated as notch sensitivity factor. A further extension of the FFMs model is proposed, which takes into account the crack resistance curve of the laminate in the model's formulation, and it is used to predict the large damage capability of a non-crimp fabric thin-ply laminate [3].

Kuhn, P., G. Catalanotti, J. Xavier, P. P. Camanho, and H. Koerber. "Fracture toughness and crack resistance curves for fiber compressive failure mode in polymer composites under high rate loading." Composite Structures. 182 (2017): 164-175. AbstractWebsite

Abstract This work presents an experimental method to measure the compressive crack resistance curve of fiber-reinforced polymer composites when subjected to dynamic loading. The data reduction couples the concepts of energy release rate, size effect law and R-curve. Double-edge notched specimens of four different sizes are used. Both split-Hopkinson pressure bar and quasi-static reference tests are performed. The full crack resistance curves at both investigated strain rate regimes are obtained on the basis of quasi-static fracture analysis theory. The results show that the steady state fracture toughness of the fiber compressive failure mode of the unidirectional carbon-epoxy composite material IM7-8552 is 165.6kJ/m2 and 101.6kJ/m2 under dynamic and quasi-static loading, respectively. Therefore the intralaminar fracture toughness in compression is found to increase with increasing strain rate.

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Koerber, H., J. Xavier, P. P. Camanho, Y. E. Essa, and Martín F. de la Escalera. "High strain rate behaviour of 5-harness-satin weave fabric carbon-epoxy composite under compression and combined compression-shear loading." International Journal of Solids and Structures. 54 (2015): 172-182. AbstractWebsite

Abstract The strain rate dependent mechanical behaviour was studied for the common out-of-autoclave aerospace textile composite 5-harness-satin carbon�epoxy. End-loaded 15 � , 30 � and 45 � off-axis and 90 � compression tests were carried out at three different strain rate levels ( 4 � 10 - 4 s - 1 , 200 s - 1 and 1000 s - 1 ) to determine the effect of strain rate for transverse compression and combined transverse compression/in-plane shear loading. The dynamic tests were carried out on a split-Hopkinson pressure bar, where high speed photography and digital image correlation allowed a detailed study of the specimen deformation and failure process. Quasi-static reference tests were carried out on an electro-mechanical test machine using the same specimen type and a static \{DIC\} system. Pronounced strain rate effects on the axial stress�strain response were observed for all specimen types. Failure envelopes for the combined s 22 c - t 12 stress state were derived from the experimental data and compared with the maximum stress criterion, which appears well suited to approximate the experimental failure envelope at all strain rate levels. It was observed that the failure envelope was simply scaled up with increasing strain rate, while the overall shape was found to be strain rate independent.

Koerber, H., J. Xavier, P. P. Camanho, Y. E. Essa, and Martín F. de la Escalera. "High strain rate behaviour of 5-harness-satin weave fabric carbon–epoxy composite under compression and combined compression–shear loading." International Journal of Solids and Structures. 54 (2015): 172-182. AbstractWebsite

Abstract The strain rate dependent mechanical behaviour was studied for the common out-of-autoclave aerospace textile composite 5-harness-satin carbon–epoxy. End-loaded 15 ° , 30 ° and 45 ° off-axis and 90 ° compression tests were carried out at three different strain rate levels ( 4 × 10 - 4 s - 1 , 200 s - 1 and 1000 s - 1 ) to determine the effect of strain rate for transverse compression and combined transverse compression/in-plane shear loading. The dynamic tests were carried out on a split-Hopkinson pressure bar, where high speed photography and digital image correlation allowed a detailed study of the specimen deformation and failure process. Quasi-static reference tests were carried out on an electro-mechanical test machine using the same specimen type and a static \{DIC\} system. Pronounced strain rate effects on the axial stress–strain response were observed for all specimen types. Failure envelopes for the combined σ 22 c - τ 12 stress state were derived from the experimental data and compared with the maximum stress criterion, which appears well suited to approximate the experimental failure envelope at all strain rate levels. It was observed that the failure envelope was simply scaled up with increasing strain rate, while the overall shape was found to be strain rate independent.

Catalanotti, G., P. Kuhn, J. Xavier, and H. Koerber. "High strain rate characterisation of intralaminar fracture toughness of GFRPs for longitudinal tension and compression failure." Composite Structures. 240 (2020): 112068. AbstractWebsite

The elastic parameters, strengths, and intralaminar fracture toughness are determined for an E-Glass polymer composite material system, statically and at high strain rate, adapting methodologies previously developed by the authors for different carbon composites. Dynamic experiments are conducted using tension and compression Split-Hopkinson Bars (SHBs). A unique set of experimental parameters is obtained, and reported together with the experimental set-up, in order to ensure reproducibility. While in-plane elastic and strength properties were obtained by testing one specimen geometry, intralaminar fracture properties required the testing of different sized notched specimens with scaled geometries. This allowed the use of the size-effect method for the determination of the dynamic R-curve. When comparing these results with those previously obtained for a carbon/epoxy material system, it is observed that the dynamic fracture toughness exhibits a much more significant increase in both tension and compression. The obtained results permit the identification of the softening law at different strain rates, allowing its use in any analytical or numerical strength predictive method.

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Kuhn, P., H. Koerber, G. Catalanotti, and J. Xavier. "Intralaminar fracture toughness of UD glass fiber composite under high rate fiber tension and fiber compression loading." EPJ Web Conferences. 183 (2018): 02018. AbstractWebsite

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Arteiro, A., G. Catalanotti, J. Xavier, and P. P. Camanho. "Large damage capability of non-crimp fabric thin-ply laminates." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. 63 (2014): 110-122. AbstractWebsite
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Pereira, J. C. R., A. M. P. de Jesus, J. Xavier, J. A. F. O. Correia, L. Susmel, and A. A. Fernandes. "Low and ultra-low-cycle fatigue behavior of X52 piping steel based on theory of critical distances." International Journal of Fatigue (2020): 105482. AbstractWebsite

The cyclic failure observed in structural components such as pipelines subjected to extreme loading conditions highlights some limitations concerning the application of existing fatigue damage models. The evaluation and prediction of this type of failure in these steel components under large-scale plastic yielding associated with high levels of stress triaxiality are not sufficiently known nor explored. This fatigue domain is conventionally called ultra-low-cycle fatigue (ULCF) and damage features are representative of both low-cycle fatigue (LCF) and monotonic ductile fracture. Thus, in order to understand the ULCF damage mechanisms both monotonic and LCF tests are required to get representative bounding damage information to model the material damage behaviour under such extreme loading conditions. This paper aims at exploring the Theory of Critical Distances (TCD) in the LCF and ULCF fatigue regimes, including the application of the point, line and area methods. The application of the TCD theories has not been explored so far in the ULCF fatigue regimes, despite its promising results in the LCF and high-cycle fatigue. An experimental program was carried out on several specimens’ geometries made of X52 piping steel. In detail, smooth plane specimens and notched plane specimens were cyclic loaded under tension/compression loading in order to obtain fatigue lives within the range of 101-104 cycles. In addition, cyclic bending tests on notched plane specimens were also incorporated in this study. Finite element simulations of all small-scale tests were conducted allowing to derive elastoplastic stress/strain fields along the potential crack paths. The numerical data were subjected to a post-processing in order to find characteristic lengths that can be treated as a fatigue property according to the TCD. A unified strain-life relation is proposed for the X52 piping steel together with a characteristic material length, consisting of a practical relation for pipeline strain-based design under extreme cyclic loading conditions.

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Catalanotti, G., P. P. Camanho, J. Xavier, C. G. Dávila, and AT Marques. "Measurement of resistance curves in the longitudinal failure of composites using digital image correlation." Composites Science and Technology. 70 (2010): 1986-1993. Abstract
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Catalanotti, C., J. Xavier, and P. P. Camanho. "Measurement of the compressive crack resistance curve of composites using the size effect law." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. 56 (2014): 300-307. Abstract
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Catalanotti, G., and J. Xavier. "Measurement of the mode II intralaminar fracture toughness and R-curve of polymer composites using a modified Iosipescu specimen and the size effect law." Engineering Fracture Mechanics. 138 (2015): 202-214. AbstractWebsite

Abstract A modified Iosipescu specimen is proposed to measure the mode İI\} intralaminar fracture toughness and the corresponding crack resistance curve of fibre reinforced composites. Due to the impossibility of scaling the specimen, a modification of the classical size effect method is proposed. The calculation of the crack driving force curves is performed using the Finite Element Method. The classical Iosipescu shear feature was used and tests were coupled with digital image correlation to support the proposed approach. Experiments were performed on IM7/8552 material system and the R-curve was obtained. The steady-state value of the fracture toughness of the ply is found to be equal to R 0 ss = 34.4  kJ/m2.