@conference {13377, title = {Reliability of the bond strength of recycled coarse aggregate concrete}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the fib Symposium 2019: Concrete - Innovations in Materials, Design and Structures}, year = {2019}, note = {

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Arezoumandi, M., Steele, A. R., \& Volz, J. S. (2018). Evaluation of the bond strengths between concrete and reinforcement as a function of recycled concrete aggregate replacement level. Structures, 16, 73-81. doi: 10.1016/j.istruc.2018.08.012

Bartlett, F. M., \& MacGregor, J. G. (1996). Statistical Analysis of the Compressive Strength of Concrete in Structures. ACI MATER J, 93(2), 158-168. doi: 10.14359/1353

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Cairns, J., \& Plizzari, G. (2003). Towards a harmonised European bond test. MATER STRUCT 36(8), 498. doi: 10.1007/bf02480826

Chiriatti, L., Hafid, H., Mercado-Mendoza, H. R., Apedo, K. L., Fond, C., \& Feugeas, F. (2018). Influence of recycled concrete aggregate content on the rebar/concrete bond properties through pull-out tests and acoustic emission measurements. International Journal of Civil, Environmental, Structural, Construction and Architectural Engineering, 135, 276-283.

D{\textquoteright}Alessandro, A., Breccolotti, M., \& Materazzi, A. L. (2012). Theoretical and experimental investigation on bond between steel rebars and recycled aggregate concrete. Presented at the Bond In Concrete 2012,

Brescia, Italy.Eracons, R. C. (2016). Strurel software for reliability analysis -Comrel, Sysrel, Costrel: Users Manual Etxeberria, M., Vazquez, E., Mari, A., \& Barra, M. (2007). Influence of amount of recycled coarse aggregates and production process on properties of recycled aggregate concrete. CEMENT CONCRETE RES 37(5), 735-742. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.02.002

Fathifazl, G., Razaqpur, A. G., Isgor, O. B., Abbas, A., Fournier, B., \& Foo, S. (2012). Bond performance of deformed steel bars in concrete produced with coarse recycled concrete aggregate. CAN J CIVIL ENG 39(2), 128-139. doi: 10.1139/l11-120

FIB. (2013). Bulletin n. 70: Code-type models for concrete behaviour (196 pages). Lausanne, Switzerland. FIB. (2014). Bulletin n. 72: Bond and anchorage of embedded reinforcement: Background to the fib Model Code for Concrete Structures 2010 (177 pages). Lausanne, Switzerland.

Gaurav, G., \& Singh, B. (2018). Experimental investigation of bond behavior with tension lap splice for deformed steel bars in recycled aggregate concrete. Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials, 7(2), 99-121. doi: 10.1080/21650373.2017.1344589

Guerra, M., Ceia, F., de Brito, J., \& Julio, E. (2014). Anchorage of steel rebars to recycled aggregates concrete. CONSTR BUILD MATER, 72, 113-123. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.08.081

Hamad, B. S., Dawi, A. H., Daou, A., \& Chehab, G. R. (2018). Studies of the effect of recycled aggregates on flexural, shear, and bond splitting beam structural behavior. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 9, e00186. doi: 10.1016/j.cscm.2018.e00186

Henry, M., Hagiwara, K., Nishimura, T., \& Kato, Y. (2011). Effect of recycled aggregate quality on variation and estimation of concrete strength. Proceedings of the Japan Concrete Institute, 33(1), 1535-1540.JCSS. (2001). Probabilistic Model Code Part 3: Material properties (41 pages).

Kim, S.-W., Park, W.-S., Jang, Y.-I., Jang, S.-J., \& Yun, H.-D. (2017). Bonding behavior of deformed steel rebars in sustainable concrete containing both fine and coarse recycled aggregates. Materials, 10(9), 1082.

Kim, S.-W., \& Yun, H.-D. (2013). Influence of recycled coarse aggregates on the bond behavior of deformed bars in concrete. ENG STRUCT 48, 133-143. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.10.009

Kim, S.-W., \& Yun, H.-D. (2014). Evaluation of the bond behavior of steel reinforcing bars in recycled fine aggregate concrete. CEMENT CONCRETE COMP 46, 8-18. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.10.013

Kim, S.-W., Yun, H.-D., Park, W.-S., \& Jang, Y.-I. (2015). Bond strength prediction for deformed steel rebar embedded in recycled coarse aggregate concrete. MATER DESIGN, 83, 257-269. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2015.06.008

Kim, S. H., \& Hong, S. U. (2014). Bond characteristics of high strength concrete with recycled aggregate and FRP bar. Asian Journal of Chemistry 26(17), 5847-5851.

Pacheco, J., de Brito, J., Chastre, C., \& Evangelista, L. (2019a) Experimental investigation on the variability of the main mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete. CONSTR BUILD MATER, 201, 110-120. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.200

Pacheco, J., de Brito, J., Chastre, C., \& Evangelista, L. (2019b) Uncertainty models of reinforced concrete beams in bending: code comparison and recycled aggregate incorporation. J STRUCT ENG, 145(4), 04019013. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943541X.0002296.

Pacheco, J., de Brito, J., Chastre, C., \& Evangelista, L (2019c). Probabilistic conversion of the compressive strength of cubes to cylinders of natural and recycled aggregate concrete specimens, MATERIALS, 12(2), 280. doi: 10.3390/ma12020280.

Prince, M. J., \& Singh, B. (2014a). Bond behaviour between recycled aggregate concrete and deformed steel bars. MATER STRUCT 47(3), 503-516. doi: 10.1617/s11527-013-0075-8

Prince, M. J., \& Singh, B. (2014b). Bond strength of deformed steel bars in high-strength recycled aggregate concrete. MATER STRUCT 1-16. doi: 10.1617/s11527-014-0452-y

Prince, M. J. R., Gaurav, G., \& Singh, B. (2017). Splice strength of deformed steel bars embedded in recycled aggregate concrete. Structures, 10, 130-138. doi: 10.1016/j.istruc.2017.03.001

Prince, M. J. R., \& Singh, B. (2013). Bond behaviour of deformed steel bars embedded in recycled aggregate concrete. CONSTR BUILD MATER, 49, 852-862. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.08.031

Prince, M. J. R., \& Singh, B. (2015). Bond behaviour of normal- and high-strength recycled aggregate concrete. STRUCT CONCRETE, 16(1), 56-70. doi: 10.1002/suco.201300101

Seara-Paz, S., Gonz{\'a}lez-Fonteboa, B., Eiras-L{\'o}pez, J., \& Herrador, M. F. (2013). Bond behavior between steel reinforcement and recycled concrete. MATER STRUCT 47(1-2), 323-334. doi: 10.1617/s11527-013-0063-z

Siempu, R., \& Pancharthi, R. K. (2017). Bond characteristics of concrete made of recycled aggregates from building demolition waste. MAG CONCRETE RES, 69(13), 665-682. doi: 10.1680/jmacr.16.00400

Missouri Department of Transportation. (2014). Recycled concrete aggregate for infrastructure elements. Report C: bond behavior of mild reinforceing steel in RCA concrete (pp. 142). Rolla, Missouri University of Science and Technology.

Wang, H.-l. (2016). Steel{\textendash}concrete bond behaviour of self-compacting concrete with recycled aggregates. MAG CONCRETE RES, 68(13), 678-691. doi: 10.1680/jmacr.15.00143

Wardeh, G., Ghorbel, E., Gomart, H., \& Fiorio, B. (2016). Experimental and analytical study of bond behavior between recycled aggregate concrete and steel bars using a pullout test. STRUCT CONCRETE, doi: 10.1002/suco.201600155

Xiao, J., \& Falkner, H. (2007). Bond behaviour between recycled aggregate concrete and steel rebars. CONSTR BUILD MATER, 21(2), 395-401. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.08.008

Xiao, J., Li, J., \& Zhang, C. (2005). On statistical characteristics of the compressive strength of recycled aggregate concrete. STRUCT CONCRETE, 6(4), 149-153. doi: 10.1680/stco.2005.6.4.149

Xiao, J., Zhang, K., \& Xie, Q. (2016). Reliability analysis for flexural capacity of recycled aggregate concrete beams. Structural Engineering International, 26(2), 121-129. doi: 10.2749/101686616X14555428758920

Yang, H., Deng, Z., \& Ingham, J. M. (2016). Bond position function between corroded reinforcement and recycled aggregate concrete using beam tests. CONSTR BUILD MATER, 127, 518-526. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.10.008

}, month = {May, 27-29, 2019}, pages = {913-920}, address = {Krak{\'o}w, Poland}, abstract = {

An analysis on the effect of the incorporation of coarse recycled concrete aggregates on the bond strength between concrete and embedded steel reinforcement is presented. The model{\textquoteright}s uncertainty of the Level I provision of the anchorage length of fib Bulletin 72 on ribbed steel/recycled aggregate concrete bond is quantified. Afterwards, reliability analyses on the bond strength are made and a partial safety factor for the anchorage length of recycled concrete elements is proposed. The model{\textquoteright}s uncertainty is evaluated through data from pullout tests, the only type of bond test that has been so far performed extensively on recycled aggregate concrete specimens. The limitations of this test in reproducing the bond of actual structural elements is discussed, and the model{\textquoteright}s uncertainty is converted to that of lap splice tests. The bond strength of recycled aggregate concrete design was found to be less reliable than that of natural aggregate concrete, especially in the absence of confining reinforcement. For concrete with full recycled aggregate incorporation, a 25\% increase in the anchorage length is proposed. Additional testing on the bond strength of lapped splices or beam-end specimens is recommended.

}, keywords = {anchorage length, bond strength, model{\textquoteright}s uncertainty, Recycled aggregate concrete, reliability analysis}, author = {Pacheco, Jo{\~a}o and Jorge de Brito and Chastre, Carlos and Evangelista, Lu{\'\i}s} } @conference {13376, title = {Towards the structural codification of recycled aggregate concrete}, booktitle = {UKIERI Concrete Congress. Concrete: The Global Builder}, year = {2019}, note = {

REFERENCES1. XIAO J.Z., LI J.B., AND ZHANG C., On relationships between the mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete: An overview. Materials and Structures, 2006. 39(6): 655-664.2. SOARES, D., DE BRITO J., FERREIRA J., AND PACHECO J., Use of coarse recycled aggregates from precast concrete rejects: Mechanical and durability performance. Construction and Building Materials, 2014. 71: 263-272.3. OTSUKI N., MIYAZATO S. AND W. YODSUDJAI, Influence of recycled aggregate on interfacial transition zone, strength, chloride penetration and carbonation of concrete. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2003. 15(5): 443-451.4. OLORUNSOGO, F.T. AND N. PADAYACHEE, Performance of recycled aggregate concrete monitored by durability indexes. Cement and Concrete Research, 2002. 32(2): 179- 185.5. PACHECO, J., J. DE BRITO, J. FERREIRA, AND D. SOARES, Destructive horizontal load tests of full-scale recycled aggregate concrete structures. ACI Structural Journal, 2015. 112(6): 815-826.6. SATO, R., I. MARUYAMA, T. SOGABE, AND M. SOG, Flexural behavior of reinforced recycled concrete beams. Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, 2007. 5(1): 43-61.7. CEN, ISO2394:1998, Brussels, Belgium, 1998.8. JCSS, Probabilistic Model Code, The Joint Committee of Structural Safety, 2001.9. XIAO, J., LI, W. CORR, D.J. AND SHAH S.P., Effects of interfacial transition zones on the stress{\textendash}strain behavior of modeled recycled aggregate concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 2013. 52: 82-99.10. SANCHEZ DE JUAN, M. AND GUTIERREZ P. A., Study on the influence of attached mortar content on the properties of recycled concrete aggregate. Construction and Building Materials, 2009. 23(2): 872-877.11. XIAO, J., LI, J. AND ZHANG C., On statistical characteristics of the compressive strength of recycled aggregate concrete. Structural Concrete, 2005. 6(4): 149- 153.12. ETXEBERRIA, M., VAZQUEZ E., MARI A., AND BARRA M., Influence of amount of recycled coarse aggregates and production process on properties of recycled aggregate concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 2007. 37(5): 735- 742.13. XIAO, J., ZHANG, K. AND XIE Q., Reliability Analysis for flexural capacity of recycled aggregate concrete beams. Structural Engineering International, 2016. 26(2):. 121- 129.14. HENRY, M., HAGIWARA, K. NISHIMURA, T. AND KATO Y., Effect of recycled aggregate quality on variation and estimation of concrete strength. Proceedings of the Japan Concrete Institute, 2011. 33(1): 1535-1540.15. PACHECO, J., J. DE BRITO, C. CHASTRE, AND L. EVANGELISTA, Experimental investigation on the variability of the main mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete. Construction and Building Materials 201: 110-120.16. EN-1992-1-1, EUROCODE 2 - Design of concrete structures: Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings, CEN, Brussels, Belgium, 2008.17. ACI 214R-11: Guide to evaluation of strength test results of concrete, ACI, 2011: Farmington Hills, Michigan.18. SOARES, D., DE BRITO J., FERREIRA J., AND PACHECO J., In situ materials characterization of full-scale recycled aggregates concrete structures. Construction and Building Materials, 2014. 71:. 237-245.19. NOWAK, A.S. AND SZERSZEN M., Calibration of design code for buildings (ACI 318): Part 1{\textemdash}Statistical models for resistance. ACI Structural Journal, 2003. 100(3).20. BRECCOLOTTI, M. AND MATERAZZI A.L., Structural reliability of bonding between steel rebars and recycled aggregate concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 2013.47(10):. 927-934.21. FIB, Bulletin n. 65: Model Code 2010: Lausanne, Switzerland.22. WOERNER, J.D. AND MOERLAND P.. Safety of RAC-beams designed according to Eurocode 2 provisions. in Proceedings of the Symposium on Sustainable construction, 1998. London, United Kingdom.23. BRECCOLOTTI, M. AND MATERAZZI A.L., Structural reliability of eccentrically- loaded sections in RC columns made of recycled aggregate concrete. Engineering Structures, 2010. 32(11): 3704-3712.

}, month = {March 5-8, 2019}, address = {Jalandhar, Punjab, India}, abstract = {

This paper analyses the studies made so far on the variability and reliability of recycled aggregate concrete. Since recycled aggregate concrete is seen by different agents of the construction industry as a variable material and no structural code has specifically been calibrated to its use, its role as a structural material is limited. Such calibration is hindered since specific research on the statistical and probabilistic data of recycled aggregate concrete properties is lacking.Investigations on the probabilistic knowledge of recycled aggregates and recycled aggregate concrete properties are discussed, and the studies made so far on the reliability of recycled aggregate concrete elements are summarised. Final remarks regarding the future prospects towards the consensual acceptance of recycled aggregate concrete structures are provided.

}, keywords = {Recycled aggregates, Concrete, Sustainable construction, Variability, Reliability, Structural codes}, url = {https://ukiericoncretecongress.com/Home/files/Proceedings/pdf/UCC-2019-194.pdf}, author = {Pacheco, Jo{\~a}o Nuno and Jorge de Brito and Chastre, Carlos and Evangelista, Lu{\'\i}s} } @article {13373, title = {Scatter of constitutive models of the mechanical properties of concrete: comparison of major international codes}, journal = {Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology}, volume = {17}, number = {3}, year = {2019}, note = {

n/a

}, month = {March 19, 2019}, pages = {102-125}, abstract = {

An investigation on the scatter of code-type constitutive models that relate compressive strength (fc) with tensile strength (fct) and Young{\textquoteright}s modulus (Ec) of standard concrete specimens is presented. The influence of the mix design on the accuracy of the fc vs. fct and fc vs. Ecrelationships is discussed, with emphasis on the lithological type and morphology of the coarse aggregates. The uncertainty of the constitutive models is analysed in probabilistic terms and random variables that model the uncertainty of the fc vs. fct and fc vs. Ec relationships are proposed for reliability analyses of serviceability limit states. The suitability of the models proposed is assessed through preliminary conservative estimates of their design values.

}, url = {https://doi.org/10.3151/jact.17.102}, author = {Pacheco, Jo{\~a}o Nuno and Jorge de Brito and Chastre, Carlos and Evangelista, Lu{\'\i}s} } @article {13372, title = {Statistical analysis of Portuguese ready-mixed concrete production}, journal = {Construction and Building Materials}, volume = {209}, year = {2019}, note = {n/a}, month = {2019/06/10/}, pages = {283-294}, abstract = {

This paper evaluates and compares the statistics of compressive strength data from three Portuguese ready-mixed concrete plants. A hierarchical model showed that different groups of concrete strength records are not statistically equivalent, even if they were produced in the same plant and using the same concrete composition. This finding is related to autocorrelation. For the same specified strength class, compositions produced less often result in higher average compressive strength and variability. The statistics of one of the plants were quite different from those of the others, even though the concrete of this plant also complied with the specifications. It was found that the average compressive strength of a mix may be quite dependent on the plant that produced it, even if the compressive strength complies with quality control specifications. Conformity with the target slump and strength class was checked following the conformity criteria of EN 206-1 for continuous production. Nonconformity with slump is more frequent than failure to comply with the strength class. A bias factor for reliability analyses was proposed.

}, keywords = {Conformity control, probabilistic analysis, Ready-mixed concrete, Variability}, isbn = {0950-0618}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950061819305732}, author = {Pacheco, Jo{\~a}o Nuno and Jorge de Brito and Chastre, Carlos and Evangelista, Lu{\'\i}s} } @article {13369, title = {Uncertainty models of reinforced concrete beams in bending: code comparison and recycled aggregate incorporation}, journal = {Journal of Structural Engineering}, volume = {145}, number = {4}, year = {2019}, note = {

n/a

}, month = {2019/04/01}, pages = {04019013}, abstract = {

The bias factor of the Eurocode 2 [CEN (European Committee for Standardization) (2008). Eurocode 2: Design of ConcreteStructures{\textendash}Part 1-1: General Rules and Rules for Buildings] and ACI 318 [ACI (American Concrete Institute) (2014). Building CodeRequirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary] flexural resistance models of reinforced concrete beams are compared withemphasis on the effect of the incorporation of coarse recycled aggregates sourced from concrete waste. The bias factor of the yielding momentcalculations according to both codes is also investigated, and the bias in the cracking moment when Eurocode 2 material clauses are used. Thedatabase was composed of 174 beams, and the criteria that led to its development are discussed. The effect of recycled aggregate incorporationon the statistical descriptors of the bias factor is evaluated and probabilistic modeling using lognormal distributions is argued for. Preliminarypartial safety factors for the bias factor of recycled aggregate concrete beams are proposed. No significant differences in the bias of theultimate moment were found between the two comparison vectors: Eurocode 2 versus ACI 318 specifications and recycled versus naturalcoarse aggregate. The bias of the cracking moment increased when coarse recycled aggregates were incorporated, most probably due to thehigher heterogeneity of recycled aggregates.

}, keywords = {Bias factor, Concrete beams, factors., Model uncertainty, Partial safety, Recycled aggregate concrete, Structural reliability}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002296}, author = {Pacheco, J. and Brito, J. de and Chastre, C. and Evangelista, L.} } @article {13370, title = {Experimental investigation on the variability of the main mechanical properties of concrete produced with coarse recycled concrete aggregates}, journal = {Construction and Building Materials}, volume = {201}, year = {2019}, note = {n/a}, month = {2019/03/20/}, pages = {110-120}, abstract = {

Research on the variability of the properties of recycled aggregate concrete is lacking and is necessary for the development of reliability analyses and code calibration procedures. This paper presents an experimental programme on the within-batch variability of the compressive strength, Young{\textquoteright}s modulus, and splitting tensile strength of several recycled and natural aggregate concrete mixes. The influence of the recycled concrete aggregates on the mechanical properties and variability of concrete is analysed and discussed and benchmarks with standard predictions for the variability of natural aggregate concrete are made. It was found that full recycled aggregate concrete incorporation did not increase the variability of any of the properties tested, but intermediate ratios of recycled aggregate incorporation did. The properties of high-strength concrete mixes were more variable than that of all other mixes, irrespective of recycled aggregate incorporation. All properties of all compositions were suitably modelled by normal distributions. The coarse recycled aggregates were sourced from concrete waste.

}, keywords = {Concrete codes, Fly ash, Mechanical properties, Probability distribution, Recycled aggregate concrete, Reliability, Superplasticizer}, isbn = {0950-0618}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950061818331945}, author = {Pacheco, J. and Brito, J. de and Chastre, C. and Evangelista, L.} } @article {13371, title = {Probabilistic Conversion of the Compressive Strength of Cubes to Cylinders of Natural and Recycled Aggregate Concrete Specimens}, journal = {Materials}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, year = {2019}, note = {n/a}, pages = {280}, abstract = {

This paper investigates the effect of recycled coarse aggregate incorporation on the relationship between 150 mm cubic and Փ 150 mm cylindrical compressive strength (the reference strength of standards) by comparing data from recycled and natural aggregate concrete compositions in which both cubes and cylinders were tested. A conversion factor from cubic to cylindrical strength is proposed in two versions: A deterministic and a probabilistic one. Such factor has not been studied before and researchers have been converting cubic data as if natural aggregate concrete were tested. The probabilistic factor is intended for reliability analyses on the structural behaviour of recycled aggregate concrete using data from laboratory cube tests. It was found that the incorporation of recycled coarse aggregates sourced from concrete waste significantly decreases the expected value of the factor but the factor{\textquoteright}s scatter is relatively unaffected.

}, keywords = {concrete testing, probabilistic analysis, recycled concrete, shape effects, structural codes}, isbn = {1996-1944}, url = {http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/12/2/280}, author = {Pacheco, Jo{\~a}o Nuno and Jorge de Brito and Chastre, Carlos and Evangelista, Lu{\'\i}s} } @conference {13387, title = {Avalia{\c c}{\~a}o dos resultados de resist{\^e}ncia {\`a} compress{\~a}o de bet{\~a}o pronto produzido em centrais portuguesas}, booktitle = {Encontro Nacional Bet{\~a}o Estrutural - BE2018}, year = {2018}, note = {

REFER{\^E}NCIAS[1] NP EN-206-1, Concrete - Part 1: Specification, performance, production and conformity. 2007, Comit{\'e} Europ{\'e}en de Normalisation (CEN): Brussels, Belgium. 72 p.[2] Chmielewski, T. and E. Konopka, Statistical evaluations of field concrete strength. Magazine of Concrete Research, 1999. 51(1): pp. 45-52.[3] ACI214-R11, Guide to evaluation of strength test results of concrete. 2011: Farmington Hills, Michigan, the United States of America. 20 p.[4] Bartlett, F.M. and J.G. MacGregor, Statistical Analysis of the Compressive Strength of Concrete in Structures. Materials Journal, 1996. 93(2): pp. 158-168.[5] Soroka, I., On compressive strength variation in concrete. Mat{\'e}riaux et constructions, 1971. 4(3): pp. 155-161.[6] Rackwitz, R., Statistical control in concrete structures, in Specialized course - C4. 1973, Laborat{\'o}rio Nacional de Engenharia Civil: Lisbon, Portugal.[7] Gulvanessian, H., J.A. Calgaro, and M. Holicky, Designers{\textquoteright} guide to EN1990 Eurocode: Basis of structural design. Designers{\textquoteright} Guide to the Eurocodes. 2002, London, United Kingdom: Thomas Telford. 197 p.[8] CEB, Bulletin 202: Reliability of concrete structures. 1991: Lausanne, Switzerland. 163 p.[9] NKB/SAKO, NKB1999:01E Basis of design of structures. Proposals for modification of partial safety factors in Eurocodes, I.-B. 1999, Nordic Committee on Building Regulations (NBK): Oslo, Norway. 90 p.[10] Foster, S.J., M.G. Stewart, M. Loo, M. Ahammed, and V. Sirivivatnanon, Calibration of Australian Standard AS3600 Concrete Structures: part I statistical analysis of material properties and model error. Australian Journal of Structural Engineering, 2016. 17(4): pp. 242-253.[11] Nowak, A.S. and M. Szerszen, Calibration of Design Code for Buildings (ACI 318): Part 1{\textemdash}Statistical Models for Resistance. ACI Structural Journal, 2003. 100(3): pp. 377-382.[12] Vrouwenvelder, A. and A. Siemes, Probabilistic calibration procedure for the derivation of partial safety factors for the Netherlands building codes. HERON, 1987. 32(4).[13] Diniz, S.M.C. and D.M. Frangopol, Reliability bases for high-strength concrete columns. Journal of Structural Engineering, 1997. 123(10): pp. 1375-1381.[14] Faber, M.H., Risk and safety in civil engineering. Lecture notes. 2007, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology: Zurich, Switzerland. 335 p.[15] JCSS, Probabilistic Model Code, in Part 3: Material properties. 2001. 41 p.[16] Wi{\'s}niewski, D.F., P.J.S. Cruz, A.A.R. Henriques, and R.A.D. Sim{\~o}es, Probabilistic models for mechanical properties of concrete, reinforcing steel and pre-stressing steel. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 2012. 8(2): pp. 111-123.

}, month = {7 a 9 de novembr}, pages = {10}, address = {LNEC, Lisboa, Portugal}, abstract = {

Este artigo avalia se, para especifica{\c c}{\~o}es de bet{\~a}o correntes, a resist{\^e}ncia {\`a} compress{\~a}o de bet{\~a}o pronto {\'e} significativamente dependente da central que o produziu, bem como se a variabilidade entre amassaduras de uma determinada composi{\c c}{\~a}o {\'e} dependente da classe de resist{\^e}ncia especificada. {\'E} apresentado um par{\^a}metro probabil{\'\i}stico que converte a resist{\^e}ncia {\`a} compress{\~a}o caracter{\'\i}stica especificada para a resist{\^e}ncia {\`a} compress{\~a}o expect{\'a}vel em provetes de bet{\~a}o c{\'u}bicos em condi{\c c}{\~o}es padronizadas.{\'E} feita uma an{\'a}lise estat{\'\i}stica e probabil{\'\i}stica dos resultados de ensaios de resist{\^e}ncia {\`a} compress{\~a}o aos 28 dias de bet{\~a}o pronto produzido em tr{\^e}s centrais de bet{\~a}o portuguesas durante o ano de 2017. Ap{\'o}s a avalia{\c c}{\~a}o da representatividade da base de dados analisada, {\'e} feito um estudo comparativo dos par{\^a}metros estat{\'\i}sticos dos dados de produ{\c c}{\~a}o das diferentes centrais e {\'e} avaliada a influ{\^e}ncia da classe de resist{\^e}ncia {\`a} compress{\~a}o do bet{\~a}o nestes par{\^a}metros. Define-se e analisa-se um par{\^a}metro probabil{\'\i}stico que converte a resist{\^e}ncia {\`a} compress{\~a}o especificada para a resist{\^e}ncia potencial de bet{\~a}o, para cubos de 150 mm. Este par{\^a}metro contribui para uma futura proposta de um modelo probabil{\'\i}stico, a ser utilizado em an{\'a}lises de fiabilidade, que converte a resist{\^e}ncia {\`a} compress{\~a}o especificada para a resist{\^e}ncia {\`a} compress{\~a}o de elementos de bet{\~a}o em obra.Quer a an{\'a}lise estat{\'\i}stica dos ensaios de resist{\^e}ncia {\`a} compress{\~a}o, quer o par{\^a}metro de convers{\~a}o s{\~a}o comparados com os resultados de investiga{\c c}{\~o}es internacionais na {\'a}rea, aferindo-se se a qualidade da produ{\c c}{\~a}o de bet{\~a}o pronto nacional {\'e} semelhante {\`a} de outras regi{\~o}es.

}, keywords = {an{\'a}lise probabil{\'\i}stica, bet{\~a}o pronto, controlo de qualidade, fiabilidade}, url = {https://be2018.pt/}, author = {Pacheco, Jo{\~a}o and Jorge de Brito and Chastre, Carlos and Evangelista, Lu{\'\i}s} } @conference {13379, title = {Influ{\^e}ncia da Variabilidade de Agregados Reciclados de Bet{\~a}o na Fiabilidade de Estruturas de Bet{\~a}o}, booktitle = {3{\textordmasculine} Congresso Luso-Brasileiro Materiais de Constru{\c c}{\~a}o Sustent{\'a}veis}, year = {2018}, note = {

REFER{\^E}NCIAS [1] NKB/SAKO, NKB1999:01E Basis of design of structures. Proposals for modification of partial safety factors in Eurocodes, I.-B. 1999, Nordic Committee on Building Regulations (NBK): Oslo, Norway, 90 pages. [2] Holick{\'y}, M., J. Retief, and J. Wium, Partial factors for selected reinforced concrete members: background to a revision of SANS 10100-1. Journal of the South African Institution of Civil Engineering, 2010. 52: pp. 36-44. [3] Sedlacek, G., J. Brozzetti, and G. Hanswillle, Relationship between Eurocode 1 and the {\guillemotleft}material{\guillemotright} oriented Eurocodes. IABSE reports, 1996. 74: pp. 121-140. [4] BRE, Client report 210297. An independent technical expert review of the SAKO Report, H. Gulvanessian, J.A. Calgaro, P. Spehl, and B. Jensen, 2003, BRE: Watford, United Kingdom, 222 pages. [5] Gulvanessian, H., P. Formichi, and J.A. Calgaro, Designers{\textquoteright} guide to Eurocode 1: Actions on buildings. Designers{\textquoteright} Guide to the Eurocodes. 2009, London, United Kingdom: Thomas Telford, 266 pages. [6] EN-1990, Eurocode 0: Basis of structural design. 2002, Comit{\'e} Europ{\'e}en de Normalisation (CEN): Brussels, Belgium, 87 pages.[7] Mehta, P.K. and P.J. Monteiro, Concrete: microstructure, properties and materials (3rd edition). 2006: McGraw-Hill 684 pages. [8] Xiao, J., J. Li, and C. Zhang, On statistical characteristics of the compressive strength of recycled aggregate concrete. Structural Concrete, 2005. 6(4): pp. 149-153. [9] Etxeberria, M., E. Vazquez, A. Mari, and M. Barra, Influence of amount of recycled coarse aggregates and production process on properties of recycled aggregate concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 2007. 37(5): pp. 735-742. [10] Xiao, J., K. Zhang, and Q. Xie, Reliability Analysis for Flexural Capacity of Recycled Aggregate Concrete Beams. Structural Engineering International, 2016. 26(2): pp. 121-129. [11] Henry, M., K. Hagiwara, T. Nishimura, and Y. Kato, Effect of recycled aggregate quality on variation and estimation of concrete strength. Proceedings of the Japan Concrete Institute, 2011. 33(1): pp. 1535-1540. [12] JCSS, Probabilistic Model Code, in Part 3: Material properties. 2001. [13] ACI, ACI 214R-11: Guide to evaluation of strength test results of concrete. 2011: Farmington Hills, Michigan, 20 pages. [14] Foster, S.J., M.G. Stewart, M. Loo, M. Ahammed, and V. Sirivivatnanon, Calibration of Australian Standard AS3600 Concrete Structures: part I statistical analysis of material properties and model error. Australian Journal of Structural Engineering, 2016. 17(4): pp. 242-253. [15] Nowak, A.S. and M. Szerszen, Calibration of Design Code for Buildings (ACI 318): Part 1{\textemdash}Statistical Models for Resistance. ACI Structural Journal, 2003. 100(3). [16] EN-1097-6, Tests for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates. Determination of particle density and water absorption. 2013, Comit{\'e} Europ{\'e}en de Normalisation (CEN): Brussels, Belgium, 54 pages. [17] Rodrigues, F., L. Evangelista, and J. de Brito, A new method to determine the density and water absorption of fine recycled aggregates. Materials Research, 2013. 16: pp. 1045-1051. [18] EN-12390-3, Testing hardened concrete. Compressive strength of test specimens. 2009, Comit{\'e} Europ{\'e}en de Normalisation (CEN): Brussels, Belgium, 22 pages. [19] EN-12390-6, Testing hardened concrete: Tensile splitting strength of test specimens. 2009, Comit{\'e} Europ{\'e}en de Normalisation (CEN): Brussels, Belgium, 14 pages. [20] Silva, R., J. De Brito, and R. Dhir, Tensile strength behaviour of recycled aggregate concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 2015. 83: pp. 108-118. [21] Silva, R., J. De Brito, and R. Dhir, The influence of the use of recycled aggregates on the compressive strength of concrete: a review. European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 2015. 19(7): pp. 825-849. [22] Ferreira, L., J. de Brito, and M. Barra, Influence of the pre-saturation of recycled coarse concrete aggregates on concrete properties. Magazine of Concrete Research, 2011. 63(8): pp. 617-627. [23] Szerszen, M. and A.S. Nowak, Calibration of Design Code for Buildings (ACI 318): Part 2{\textemdash}Reliability Analysis and Resistance Factors. ACI Structural Journal, 2003. 100(3). [24] Pacheco, J., J. de Brito, C. Chastre, and L. Evangelista, Uncertainty models of reinforced concrete beams in bending: code comparison and recy-cled aggregate incorporation. Structural Safety submitted for publication. [25] Bartlett, F.M. and G.M. James, Statistical Analysis of the Compressive Strength of Concrete in Structures. Materials Journal, 1996. 93(2). [26] Eracons, R.C., Strurel software for reliability analysis -Comrel, Sysrel, Costrel: Users Manual, , www.strurel.com. 2016. [27] Madsen, H.O.K., S.; Lind, N. 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}, month = {14-16 de feverei}, address = {Coimbra, Portugal}, abstract = {

A produ{\c c}{\~a}o de bet{\~a}o com substitui{\c c}{\~a}o de agregados naturais por agregados reciclados minimiza os impactes da ind{\'u}stria da constru{\c c}{\~a}o. Contudo, o recurso a este tipo de agregado {\'e} limitado devido a d{\'u}vidas dos diferentes agentes da ind{\'u}stria da constru{\c c}{\~a}o e {\`a} aus{\^e}ncia de regulamenta{\c c}{\~a}o espec{\'\i}fica para o projecto de bet{\~a}o com agregados reciclados. A percep{\c c}{\~a}o de bet{\~o}es com agregados reciclados como um material heterog{\'e}neo com comportamento imprevis{\'\i}vel {\'e} o principal entrave, quer para a aceita{\c c}{\~a}o da ind{\'u}stria, quer para o desenvolvimento de regulamenta{\c c}{\~a}o. Diferentes aspectos relacionados com o efeitos da variabilidade das propriedades de bet{\~a}o com agregados reciclados na regulamenta{\c c}{\~a}o de estruturas s{\~a}o abordados conceptualmente: a heterogeneidade dos agregados reciclados, o efeito desta heterogeneidade nas propriedades mec{\^a}nicas de bet{\~a}o e os efeitos da variabilidade das propriedades de bet{\~a}o na sua fiabilidade estrutural. Os primeiros resultados de uma campanha experimental desenvolvida especificamente para abordar o efeito de agregados grossos reciclados na fiabilidade s{\~a}o apresentados e as suas implica{\c c}{\~o}es no projecto de estruturas discutidas. S{\~a}o apresentadas sugest{\~o}es de desenvolvimentos futuros que visam a calibra{\c c}{\~a}o de coeficientes parciais de seguran{\c c}a que possibilitem o projecto de estruturas de bet{\~a}o armado dimensionadas segundo o formato do Euroc{\'o}digo 2 e mantendo os mesmos n{\'\i}veis de seguran{\c c}a de bet{\~a}o convencional.

}, keywords = {Bet{\~a}o com agregados reciclados, Regulamenta{\c c}{\~a}o, Fiabilidade estrutural}, author = {Pacheco, Jo{\~a}o Nuno and Jorge de Brito and Chastre, Carlos and Evangelista, Lu{\'\i}s} } @conference {13382, title = {Model uncertainty of recycled aggregate concrete beams subjected to bending}, booktitle = {HISER International Conference on Advances in Recycling and Management of Construction and Demolition Waste}, year = {2017}, note = {

REFERENCES1. Ignjatovi{\'c}, I., S. Marinkovi{\'c}, Z. Mi{\v s}kovi{\'c}, and A. Savi{\'c}, Flexural behavior of reinforced recycled aggregate concrete beams under short-term loading. MATER STRUCT, 2012. 46(6):1045-1059.2. Ajdukiewicz, A and A Kliszczewicz, Comparative tests of beams and columns made of recycled aggregate concrete and natural aggregate concrete. J ADV CONCR TECHNOL, 2007. 5(2):259-273.3. JCSS, Probabilistic Model Code, in Part 3: Material properties. 2001. 4. FIB, Bulletin n. 65: Model Code 2010 final draft. Volume 1. 2010: Lausanne, Switzerland. 5. Arezoumandi, M., Smith, J. Volz, and K. Khayat, An experimental study on flexural strength of reinforced concrete beams with 100\% recycled concrete aggregate. ENG STRUCT, 2015. 88:154-162.6. Knaack, A. and Y. Kurama, Behavior of reinforced concrete beams with recycled concrete coarse aggregates. J STRUCT ENG, 2015. 141(3).7. Fathifazl, G., A. Razaqpur, O. Burkan Isgor, A. Abbas, B. Fournier, and F. Simon, Flexural Performance of Steel-Reinforced Recycled Concrete Beams.ACI STRUCT J, 2009. 106(06).8. Evangelista, L. and J. de Brito, Flexural behaviour of reinforced concrete beams made with fine recycled concrete aggregates. KSCE J CIV ENG, 2017. 21(1):353-363.9. Kang, T.H., W. Kim, Y.. Kwak, and H. Sung-Gul, Flexural Testing of Reinforced Concrete Beams with Recycled Concrete Aggregates (with Appendix). ACI STRUCT J, 2014. 111(3):607-616.10. Choi, W.., H.. Yun, and S.. Kim, Flexural performance of reinforced recycled aggregate concrete beams. MAG CONCRETE RES, 2012. 64(9):837-848.11. Yagishita, F., M. Sano, and M. Yamada, Behaviour of reinforced concrete beams containing recycled coarse aggregate, Third International RILEM Symposium on Demolition and Reuse of Concrete and Masonry, 1993, RILEM Publications SARL: Odense, Denmark, 384-399.12. Sato, R., I. Maruyama, T. Sogabe, and M. Sog, Flexural behavior of reinforced recycled concrete beams. J ADV CONCR TECHNOL, 2007. 5(1):43-61.13. Sykora, M., M. Holicky, M. Prieto, and P. Tanner, Uncertainties in resistance models for sound and corrosion-damaged RC structures according to EN 1992-1-1. MATER STRUCT, 2014. 48(10):3415-3430.14. Ellingwood, B., T. Galambos, J. MacGregor, and C. Cornell, Development of a probability based load criterion for American National Standard A58, NBS Special Publication 577, 1980.15. Vrouwenvelder, A. and A. Siemes, Probabilistic calibration procedure for the derivation of partial safety factors for the Netherlands building codes. HERON, 1987. 32(4).16. Nowak, A.S. and K.R. Collins, Reliability of Structures, 2000, Singapure: McGraw-Hill.

}, month = {21-22-23 June 20}, address = {Delft, The Netherlands}, abstract = {

This paper investigates whether the model uncertainty of reinforced recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) beams subjected to bending differs from that of reinforced natural aggregate concrete (NAC) beams. An introductory remark concerning the importance of the codification of RAC structural design is made and notions concerning model uncertainties and their role on structural codification are given. Afterwards, the criteria used in the construction of a database of RAC and NAC beams are referred before presenting the key findings of an analysis on the model uncertainty of the cracking, yielding and ultimate moments of beams subjected to four-point bending tests. The analytical moments were calculated following Eurocode 2 provisions. Probabilistic models for model uncertainties are proposed. Negligible differences in the model uncertainty of NAC and RAC beams are reported.

}, keywords = {CDW, Model uncertainty, Reliability, structural concrete, sustainability}, author = {Pacheco, J. and Brito, J. de and Chastre, C. and Evangelista, L.} } @inbook {13394, title = {Reliability analysis: the next step towards recycled aggregates concrete affirmation}, booktitle = {Construction projects: improvement strategies, quality management and potential challenges}, series = {Construction Materials and Engineering}, year = {2017}, note = {

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Structural reliability of bonding between steel rebars and recycled aggregate concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 47(0), 927-934.[112] Woerner, J. D. and P. Moerland, 1998. Safety of RAC-Beams Designed According to Eurocode 2 Provisions. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Sustainable construction: Use of Recycled Concrete Aggregate. London, United Kingdom.[113] Gonz{\'a}lez-Taboada, I., B. Gonz{\'a}lez-Fonteboa, F. Mart{\'\i}nez-Abella, J. L. P{\'e}rez-Ord{\'o}{\~n}ez, 2016. Prediction of the mechanical properties of structural recycled concrete using multivariable regression and genetic programming. Constr. Build. Mater. 106, 480-499.[114] Ellingwood, B., T. V. Galambos, 1982. Probability-based criteria for structural design. Struct. Saf. 1(1), 15-26.[115] JCSS, 2001. Probabilistic Model Code, in Part 1 - Basis of Design. The Joint Committee of Structural Safety.[116] JCSS, 2001. Probabilistic Model Code, in Part 2: Load Models. The Joint Committee of Structural Safety.[117] JCSS, 2001. Probabilistic Model Code, in Part 3: Material properties. The Joint Committee of Structural Safety.[118] Mirza, S. A., J. G. MacGregor, M. Hatzinikolas, 1979. Statistical Descriptions of Strength of Concrete. ASCE J. Struct. Div. 105(6), 1021-1037.[119] Mirza, S. A., J. G. MacGregor, 1979. Variability of Mechanical Properties of Reinforcing Bars. ASCE J. Struct. Div. 105(5), 921-937.[120] Mirza, S. A., J. G. MacGregor, 1979. Variations in Dimensions of Reinforced Concrete Members. ASCE J. Struct. Div. 105(4), 751-766.Sentler, L., 1976. Live load surveys: a review with discussions, Lund Institute of Technology: Lund, Sweden, 135 pages.

}, pages = {1-54}, publisher = {Nova Science Publishers: New York, United States of America}, organization = {Nova Science Publishers: New York, United States of America}, abstract = {

TThis chapter concerns the need to evaluate the reliability of structural elements produced with recycled aggregates concrete (RAC) in order to address some designers{\textquoteright} scepticism towards the use of this eco-friendly material. The current knowledge on RAC{\textquoteright}s behaviour demonstrates its viability for structural purposes. However, of the investigations performed so far very few are related to a fundamental aspect towards RAC world-wide application as a structural material: structural codes have a probabilistic basis.After briefly presenting the state-of-the-art knowledge on the material properties and structural behaviour of RAC, the limitations of the current knowledge are debated. Afterwards, an introduction to structural codification is presented, as well as the fundamentals of reliability analysis. Examples of code verifications are contextualized with their underlying assumptions and the information necessary for code calibration is discussed. The role of reliability in the calibration of structural codes is shown, common techniques for reliability calculations are briefly explained, and relevant references in the area are cited for the readers{\textquoteright} perusal.Having established how structural codes are calibrated, the state-of-the-art on the probabilistic and statistical knowledge of RAC properties is reviewed. The implications of the very reduced number of studies on this area are discussed and the need to conduct further studies is emphasized.Afterwards, investigations that used reliability analysis to calibrate partial safety factors applicable to RAC are reviewed. The methodology of each investigation is presented, the experimental tests that led to the definition of the probabilistic information of the RAC{\textquoteright}s parameters are described and the need to have a wide range of data coming from different RAC compositions and aggregate sources is debated.This chapter finishes by contextualizing the current knowledge on RAC properties with the necessary information for code calibration procedures. The relevance of a code proposal towards RAC affirmation as a structural material is highlighted, as well as the requirements of such code. Suggestions for future studies are made.

}, keywords = {Construction and demolition waste, Recycled aggregates concrete (RAC), reliability analysis, structural codes, Sustainable construction}, isbn = {978-1-53610-743-2}, url = {https://novapublishers.com/shop/construction-projects-improvement-strategies-quality-management-and-potential-challenges/}, author = {Pacheco, Jo{\~a}o and Jorge de Brito and Chastre, Carlos and Evangelista, Lu{\'\i}s}, editor = {Kimberly Hall} } @book {10037, title = {fib Bulletin 74. Planning and design handbook on precast building structures}, series = {fib bulletin}, number = {fib Bulletin 74}, year = {2014}, note = {

n/a

}, month = {2014}, pages = {313}, publisher = {International Federation for Structural Concrete (fib)}, organization = {International Federation for Structural Concrete (fib)}, address = {Lausanne}, abstract = {

In 1994 fib Commission 6: Prefabrication edited a successful Planning and Design Handbook that ran to approximately 45,000 copies and was published in Spanish and German.Nearly 20 years later Bulletin 74 brings that first publication up to date. It offers a synthesis of the latest structural design knowledge about precast building structures against the background of 21st century technological innovations in materials, production and construction. With it, we hope to help architects and engineers achieve a full understanding of precast concrete building structures, the possibilities they offer and their specific design philosophy. It was principally written for non-seismic structures.

The handbook contains eleven chapters, each dealing with a specific aspect of precast building structures.
The first chapter of the handbook highlights best practice opportunities that will enable architects, design engineers and contractors to work together towards finding efficient solutions, which is something unique to precast concrete buildings.
The second chapter offers basic design recommendations that take into account the possibilities, restrictions and advantages of precast concrete, along with its detailing, manufacture, transport, erection and serviceability stages.
Chapter three describes the precast solutions for the most common types of buildings such as offices, sports stadiums, residential buildings, hotels, industrial warehouses and car parks. Different application possibilities are explored to teach us which types of precast units are commonly used in all those situations.
Chapter four covers the basic design principles and systems related to stability. Precast concrete structures should be designed according to a specific stability concept, unlike cast in-situ structures.
Chapter five discusses structural connections.
Chapters six to nine address the four most commonly used systems or subsystems of precast concrete in buildings, namely, portal and skeletal structures, wall-frame structures, floor and roof structures and architectural concrete facades.
In chapter ten the design and detailing of a number of specific construction details in precast elements are discussed, for example, supports, corbels, openings and cutouts in the units, special features related to the detailing of the reinforcement, and so forth.
Chapter eleven gives guidelines for the fire design of precast concrete structures. The handbook concludes with a list of references to good literature on precast concrete construction.

}, isbn = {978-2-88394-114-4}, url = {http://www.fib-international.org/planning-and-design-handbook-on-precast-building-structures}, author = {Acker, Arnold Van and Chastre, Carlos and Crisp, Barry and Fernandez, David and V{\'a}lter L{\'u}cio and Elliott, Kim S. and Hughes, Simon and Jones, George and Karutz, Holger and Klein-Holte, Ronald and Maas, Stef and Menegotto, Marco and Tsoukantas, Spyros and Zee, Pieter van der} } @book {3040, title = {fib Bulletin 63. Design of precast concrete structures against accidental actions}, series = {fib bulletin}, number = {63}, year = {2012}, note = {

n/a

}, pages = {78}, publisher = {F{\'e}d{\'e}ration internacionale du b{\'e}ton (fib)}, organization = {F{\'e}d{\'e}ration internacionale du b{\'e}ton (fib)}, address = {Lausanne}, abstract = {

Since the 1980{\textquoteright}s, several buildings throughout the world have been subject to gas explosions, impact by cars or airplanes, or car bomb attacks. In many cases the effect of the impact or explosion has been the failure of a critical structural member at the perimeter of the building. After the failure, the load supported by that member could not be redistributed and part or all of the structure has collapsed in a progressive manner. The phenomenon that occurs when local failure is not confined to the area of initial distress, and spreads horizontally and/or vertically through the structure, is termed progressive collapse.

Progressive collapse is a relatively rare event, as it requires both an accidental action to cause local damage and a structure that lacks adequate continuity, ductility, and redundancy to prevent the spread of damage. It is technically very difficult and economically prohibitive to design buildings for absolute safety. However it is possible to construct precast concrete buildings that afford an acceptable degree of safety with regard to accidental actions.

A structure is normally designed to respond properly, without damage, under normal load conditions, but local and/or global damages cannot be avoided under the effect of an unexpected, but moderate degree of accidental overload. Properly designed and constructed structures usually possess reasonable probability not to collapse catastrophically under such loads, depending on different factors, for example: the type of loading; the degree and the location of accidental loading in regard to the structure and its structural members; the type of structural system, the construction technology, and the spans between structural vertical members, etc.

No structure can be expected to be totally resistant to actions arising from an unexpected and extreme cause, but it should not be damaged to an extent that is disproportionate to the original cause.

The aim of fib Bulletin 63 is to summarize the present knowledge on the subject and to provide guidance for the design of precast structures against progressive collapse. This is addressed in terms of (a) the classification of the actions, (b) their effect on the structural types, (c) the strategies to cope with such actions, (d) the design methods and (e) some typical detailing, all supplemented with illustrations from around the world, and some model calculations.

}, isbn = {978-2-88394-103-8}, url = {http://www.fib-international.org/design-of-precast-concrete-structures-against-accidental-actions}, author = {Acker, Arnold Van and Chastre, Carlos and Cholewicky, Andrzej and Crisp, Barry and V{\'a}lter L{\'u}cio and Elliott, Kim S. and Engstr{\"o}m, Bj{\"o}rn and Gasperi, Antonello and Suikka, Arto and Tsoukantas, Spyros and Vambersky, Jan and Vantomme, John} }