@article {Otero2017123,
	title = {{Nineteenth century chrome yellow and chrome deep from Winsor \& NewtonTM}},
	journal = {Studies in Conservation},
	volume = {62},
	number = {3},
	year = {2017},
	note = {n/a},
	pages = {123{\textendash}149},
	abstract = {<p>The Winsor \&amp; NewtonTM (W\&amp;N) nineteenth century archive database includes digitised images of hand- written instructions and workshop notes for the manufacture of their artists{\textquoteright} materials. For the first time, all 183 production records for yellow lead chromate pigments were studied and evaluated. They revealed that W\&amp;N produced essentially three pigment types: lemon/pale based on mixed crystals of lead chromate and lead sulphate [Pb(Cr,S)O4]; middle on pure monoclinic lead chromate [PbCrO4]; and deep that contains the latter admixed with basic lead chromate [Pb2CrO5]; accounting for 53, 22, and 21\% of the production, respectively. Production records for primrose (4\%) were also included since the formulation results in mixed crystals with a high percentage of lead sulphate, which, according to the literature, leaves it more prone to degradation. Each pigment type is characterised by only one or two main synthetic pathways; process variations reveal a systematic and thorough search for a high-quality durable product. A comparison of the chemical composition of pigment reconstructions with early W\&amp;N oil paint tubes showed that their records entitled {\textquoteleft}pale{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteleft}lemon{\textquoteright} correlated with the pigment in their tube labelled chrome yellow and, {\textquoteleft}middle{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteleft}deep{\textquoteright} with the label chrome deep. Lemon and middle pigment formulations were made into oil paints to assess their relative photo-stability. The degradation process was followed by colorimetry and was studied by synchrotron radiation-based techniques. Based on the X-ray absorption spectroscopy data, the possibility for creating a stability index for chrome yellows is discussed. Keywords:</p>
},
	keywords = {Chrome yellow, Lead chromate, Newton TM, Reconstructions, Synchrotron radiation (SR)-based techniques, Winsor \&amp, X-ray absorption near-edge microspectroscopy ({\textmu}-XA, {\textmu}-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy ({\textmu}-FTIR)},
	issn = {20470584},
	doi = {10.1080/00393630.2015.1131478},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84978539212\&doi=10.1080\%2F00393630.2015.1131478\&partnerID=40\&md5=def3595385b4dcea18e2b60a1698a914 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00393630.2015.1131478},
	author = {Otero, V. and Pinto, J.V. V and Carlyle, L. and Vilarigues, M and Cotte, M. and Melo, M.J. J}
}
