@inbook {13396,
	title = {Consolidation works on sandstone monuments: A new approach},
	booktitle = {Handbook of Materials Failure Analysis: With Case Studies from the Construction Industries},
	year = {2018},
	note = {<p>REFERENCES [1] International Council on Monuments and Sites/International Scientific Committee forStone (ICOMOS-ISCS), Illustrated glossary on stone deterioration patterns, September 2008.[2] M. Ludovico-Marques, Contribution to the knowledge of the effect of crystallization of salts in the weathering of sandstones: application to the built heritage of Atouguia da Baleia, PhD thesis in Geotechnical Engineering, specializing in Rock Mechanics, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, 2008 (in Portuguese).[3] F. Zezza, Inland dispersion of marine spray and its effects on monument stone, in: Proceedings of 5th International Symposium on the Conservation of Monuments in the Mediterranean Basin, Sevilla, 2002, pp. 23{\textendash}39.[4] E. Doehne, Salt weathering: a selective review, Natural Stone, Weathering Phenomena, Conservation Strategies and Case Studies, vol. 205, Geological Society of London, Special Publications, London, (2002) pp. 51{\textendash}64.[5] I. Evans, Salt crystallization and rock weathering: a review, Rev. Geomorphol. Dynam. XIX (4) (1970) 153{\textendash}177.[6] S. Bates, A critical evaluation of salt weathering impacts on building materials at Jazirat al Hamra, UAE, Geoverse, 2010. ISSN 1758-3411, 1-17.[7] M. Ludovico-Marques, C. Chastre, Effect of salt crystallization ageing on the compressive behavior of sandstone blocks in historical buildings, Eng. Fail. Anal. 26 (2012) 247{\textendash}257.[8] C. Rodriguez-Navarro, E. Dohene, E. Sebastian, Origins of honeycomb weathering: the role of salts and wind, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am. 111 (1999) 1250{\textendash}1255.[9] RILEMRecommended tests to measure the deterioration of stone and to assess the effectiveness of treatment methods, Mater. Struct. 13 (75) (1980) 175{\textendash}253 Bourdais-Dunoud.[10] R. Folk, Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks, Hemphill Publishing, Austin, TX, (1974). [11] EN 1936. Natural stone test method-determination of real density and apparent density, and of total and open porosity, European Standard, 1999.[12] F. Pellerin, La Porosimetrie au Mercure Appliquee a l Etude Geotechnique des Sols et des Roches, Bull. Liaison Lab. Ponts Chauss{\'e}s 106 (1980) 105{\textendash}116.[13] NORMAL-29/88, Misura dell{\textquoteright} Indice di Asciugamento (Drying Index), Alterazioni dei Material Lapidei e Trattamenti Conservativi{\textemdash}Proposte per l{\textquoteright}Unificazione dei Metodi Sperimentali di Studio e di Controllo, CNR{\textendash}ICR, Rome, Italy, 1991.[14] NP EN 12370, M{\'e}todos de ensaio para pedra natural, Determina{\c c}{\~a}o da resist{\^e}ncia {\`a} cristaliza{\c c}{\~a}o de sais, Instituto Portugu{\^e}s da Qualidade 2002, p. 10 [in Portuguese].[15] G. Barone, P. Mazzoleni, G. Pappalardo, S. Raneri, Microtextural and microstructural influence on the changes of physical and mechanical proprieties related to salts crystallization weathering in natural building stones: the example of Sabucina stone (Sicily), Constr. Build. Mater. 95 (2015) 355{\textendash}365.[16] A. Al-Omari, K. Beck, X. Brunetaud, M. Al-Mukhtar, Weathering of limestone on AlZiggurat walls in the ancient Al-Nimrud city (Iraq), Environ. Earth Sci. 74 (2015) 609{\textendash} 620.[17] W. Chen, P. Dai, P. Yuan, J. Zhang, Effect of inorganic silicate consolidation on the mechanical and durability performance of sandstone used in historical sites, Construct. Build. Mater. 121 (2016) 445{\textendash}452.[18] M. Ludovico-Marques, C. Chastre, Effect of artificial accelerated salt weathering on physical and mechanical behaviour of sandstone samples from surface reservoirs, in: A.S. Hamdy Makhlouf, M. Aliofkhazraei (Eds.), Handbook of Materials Failure Analysis With Case Studies from the Oil and Gas Industry, Elsevier, 2016, pp. 215{\textendash}233.[19] M. Heidari, M. Torabi-Kaveh, C. Chastre, M. Ludovico-Marques, H. Mohseni, H. Akefi, Determination of weathering degree of the Persepolis stone under laboratory and natural conditions using fuzzy inference system, Construct. Build. Mater. 145 (2017) 28{\textendash}41.[20] M. Heidari, C. Chastre, M. Torabi-Kaveh, M. Ludovico-Marques, H. Mohseni, Application of fuzzy inference system for determining weathering degree of some monument stones in Iran, J. Cult. Herit. 25 (2017) 41{\textendash}55.[21] H. {\"O}zs{\c\ }en, A. Bozdag˘, {\.I}. {\.I}nce, Effect of salt crystallization on weathering of pyroclastic rocks from Cappadocia, Turkey, Arabian J. Geosci. 10 (258) (2017) 1{\textendash}8.[22] S. Ruffolo, M. La Russa, M. Ricca, C. Belfiore, A. Macchia, V. Comite, A. Pezzino, G. Crisci, New insights on the consolidation of salt weathered limestone: the case study of Modica stone, Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ. 76 (2017) 11{\textendash}20.[23] Paolo Foraboschi, Alessia Vanin, Experimental investigation on bricks from historical Venetian buildings subjected to moisture and salt crystallization, Eng. Fail. Anal. 45 (2014) 185{\textendash}203.</p>
},
	pages = {235-254},
	publisher = {Butterworth-Heinemann},
	organization = {Butterworth-Heinemann},
	chapter = {12},
	abstract = {<p>Abstract Sandstones are widely used in the building elements of the world{\textquoteright}s stone monuments. Alveolization due to salt crystallization-dissolution is the most important degradation pattern found on the Middle Ages{\textquoteright} sandstone fa{\c c}ades of St. Leonardo{\textquoteright}s Church in Portugal. An outstanding case of widespread distribution of deep and large alveolization patterns found mainly on portals and vaults of its sandstone fa{\c c}ades appeared as a result of the past and present proximity of the seashore. On stonewall fa{\c c}ades, a new approach of consolidating products{\textquoteright} treatments using the total head was followed in order to allow full absorption of stone. Physical and mechanical tests were carried out on selected representative specimens of varieties of sandstones on the monument. Treatments with ethyl silicates were assessed by means of its effectiveness, harmfulness, and durability. The comparison of results between the application of this new procedure on this stone monument and the traditional intervention treatments highlighted the potential viability of the former to overcome difficult conditions of absorption of consolidating products.</p>
},
	keywords = {consolidation, Monuments, new approach, performance assessment, sandstones},
	isbn = {978-0-08-101928-3},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081019283000124},
	author = {Ludovico-Marques, Marco and Chastre, Carlos},
	editor = {Abdel Salam Hamdy Makhlouf and Mahmood Aliofkhazraei}
}
