@inbook {13394, title = {Reliability analysis: the next step towards recycled aggregates concrete affirmation}, booktitle = {Construction projects: improvement strategies, quality management and potential challenges}, series = {Construction Materials and Engineering}, year = {2017}, note = {

REFERENCES[1] Freedonia, 2012, World construction aggregates, in Industry. Study No. 2838, The Freedonia Group, Ohio, USA, 334 pages.[2] United States Geological Survey, 2016, Mineral commodity summaries - Cement, Virginia, United States of America, 2 pages.[3] CSI, 2009, The Cement Sustainability Initiative: Recycling concrete, Geneva, Switzerland, 42 pages.[4] EU DIRECTIVE 2008/98/EC on waste, 2008, European Union, Brussels, Belgium, 28 pages.[5] Eurostat. Waste statistics in Europe. 2015 Accessed on October 2015 via the website: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu.[6] UEPG - Union Europ{\'e}enne des Producteurs de Granulats, 2014, Estimates of aggregates production data. Accessed on October 2015: http://www.uepg.eu/ statistics/estimates-of-production-data/data-2014.[7] Basavarajappa, H. T., M. C. Manjunatha, L. Jeevan, 2014. Sand mining, management and its environmental impact in Cauvery and Kabini river basins of Mysore District, Karnaka, India using geomatics techniques. Int. J. Civ. Eng. Technol. 5(9), 169-180.[8] British Geological Survey Commissioned Report CR/03/029N, 2003. River mining: aggregate production and supply in developing countries. University of Exeter, 96 pages.[9]Sousa, J. J., L. Bastos, 2013, Multi-temporal SAR interferometry reveals acceleration of bridge sinking before collapse. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 13(3), 659-667.[10] United Nations, 2015, World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Custom data acquired on October 2015 via the website: https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/[11] Silva, R. V., J. de Brito, R. K. Dhir, 2014. Properties and composition of recycled aggregates from construction and demolition waste suitable for concrete production. Constr. Build. Mater. 65, 201-217.[12] BIO Intelligence Service, 2011. Service contract on management of construction and demolition waste - SR1: Final report task 2, European Commission. 2011.[13] Bravo, M., J. de Brito, J. Pontes, L. Evangelista, 2015. Mechanical performance of concrete made with aggregates from construction and demolition waste recycling plants. J. Clean. Prod. 99, 59-74.[14] Top{\c c}u, I. B., M. Canbaz, 2004. Properties of concrete containing waste glass. Cement Concrete Res. 34(2), 267-274.[15] Valadares, F., M. Bravo, J. De Brito, 2012. Concrete with used tire rubber aggregates: Mechanical performance. ACI Mater. J. 109(3), 283292.[16] Bravo, M., J. de Brito, 2012. Concrete made with used tyre aggregate: durability-related performance. J. Clean. Prod. 25, 42-50.[17] Alves, A. V., T. F. Vieira, J. de Brito, J. R. Correia, 2014. Mechanical properties of structural concrete with fine recycled ceramic aggregates. Constr. Build. Mater. 2014. 64, 103-113.[18] Vieira, T., A. Alves, J. de Brito, J. R. Correia, R. V. Silva, 2015. Durability-related performance of concrete containing fine recycled aggregates from crushed bricks and sanitary ware. Mater. Design. 90, 767-776.[19] Belin, P., G. Habert, M. Thiery, N. Roussel, 2014. Cement paste content and water absorption of recycled concrete coarse aggregates. Mater. Struct. 47(9), 1451-1465.[20] Pepe, M., 2015. A conceptual model for designing recycled aggregate concrete for structural applications, Department of Civil Engineering University of Salerno, Italy, 178 pages.[21] Silva, R. V., J. de Brito, R. K. Dhir, 2015. Establishing a relationship between the modulus of elasticity and compressive strength of recycled aggregate concrete. J. Clean. Prod. 112, 2171-2186.[22] Silva, R. V., J. de Brito, R. K. Dhir, 2015. Prediction of the shrinkage behaviour of recycled aggregate concrete: A review. Constr. Build. Mater. 77, 327-339.[23] Olorunsogo, F. T., N. Padayachee, 2002. Performance of recycled aggregate concrete monitored by durability indexes. Cement and Concrete Res. 32(2), 179-185.[24] Shima, H., H. Tateyashiki, R. Matsuhashi, Y. Yoshida, 2005. An advanced concrete recycling technology and its applicability assessment by the input-output analysis. J. Adv. Concr. Technol. 3(1), 53-67.[25] Akbarnezhad, A., K. C. G. Ong, M. H. Zhang, C. T. Tam, T. W. J. Foo, 2011. Microwave-assisted beneficiation of recycled concrete aggregates. Constr. Build. Mater. 25(8), 3469-3479.[26] Tam, V. W. Y., C. M. Tam, K. N. Le, 2007. Removal of cement mortar remains from recycled aggregate using pre-soaking approaches. Resour. Conserv. Recy. 50(1), 82-101.[27] Tsujino, M., T. Noguchi, M. Tamura, M. Kanematsu, I. Maruyama, 2007. Application of conventionally recycled coarse aggregate to concrete structure by surface modification treatment. J. Adv. Concr. Technol. 5(1), 13-25.[28] Soares, D., J. de Brito, J. Ferreira, J. Pacheco, 2014 Use of coarse recycled aggregates from precast concrete rejects: Mechanical and durability performance. Constr. Build. Mater. 71, 263-272.[29] Pedro, D., J. de Brito, L. Evangelista, 2014. Performance of concrete made with aggregates recycled from precasting industry waste: influence of the crushing process. Mater. Struct. 48, 1-14.[30] Fathifazl, G., A. Abbas, A. G. Razaqpur, O. B. Isgor, B. Fournier, S. Foo, 2009. New mixture proportioning method for concrete made with coarse recycled concrete aggregate. J. Mater. Civil Eng. 21(10), 601611.[31] Sato, R., I. Maruyama, T. Sogabe, M. Sog, 2007. Flexural behavior of reinforced recycled concrete beams. J. Adv. Concr. Technol. 5(1), 4361.[32] Evangelista, L., J. de Brito, 2014. Concrete with fine recycled aggregates: A review. Eur. J. Environ. Civ. En. 18(2), 129-172.[33] Silva, A., R. Neves, J. de Brito, 2014. Statistical modelling of carbonation in reinforced concrete. Cement Concrete Comp. 50, 73-81.[34] Silva, R. V., J. de Brito, R. Neves, R. Dhir, 2015. Prediction of chloride ion penetration of recycled aggregate concrete. Materials Research. 18(2), 427-440.[35] Silva, R. V., J. de Brito, R. K. Dhir, 2014. The influence of the use of recycled aggregates on the compressive strength of concrete: a review. Eur. J. Environ. Civ. En. 19(7), 825-849.[36] Silva, R. V., J. de Brito, R. K. Dhir, 2015. Comparative analysis of existing prediction models on the creep behaviour of recycled aggregate concrete. Eng. Struct. 100, 31-42.[37] Silva, R. V., J. de Brito, R. K. Dhir, 2015. Tensile strength behaviour of recycled aggregate concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 83, 108-118.[38] Silva, R. V., R. Neves, J. de Brito, R. K. Dhir, 2015. Carbonation behaviour of recycled aggregate concrete. Cement Concrete Comp. 62, 22-32.[39] Silva, R.V., A. Silva, J. de Brito, R. Neves, 2015. Statistical modelling of carbonation in concrete incorporating recycled aggregates. J. Mater. Civil Eng. 28(1).[40] Soares, D., J. de Brito, J. Ferreira, J. Pacheco, 2014. In situ materials characterization of full-scale recycled aggregates concrete structures. Constr. Build. Mater. 71, 237-245.[41] Li, W., J. Xiao, Z. Sun, S. Kawashima, S. P. Shah, 2012. Interfacial transition zones in recycled aggregate concrete with different mixing approaches. Constr. Build. Mater. 35, 1045-1055.[42] Liu, Q., J. Xiao, Z. Sun, 2011. Experimental study on the failure mechanism of recycled concrete. Cement Concrete Res. 41(10), 10501057.[43] Tam, V. W. Y., D. Kotrayothar, and J. Xiao, 2015. Long-term deformation behaviour of recycled aggregate concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 100, 262-272.[44] Xiao, J., T. Ding, 2013. Research on recycled concrete and its utilization in building structures in China. Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering. 7(3), 215-226.[45] Xiao, J., B. Lei, C. Zhang, 2012. On carbonation behavior of recycled aggregate concrete. Science China-Technological Sciences. 55(9), 26092616.[46] Xiao, J., W. Li, D. J. Corr, S .P. Shah, 2013. Effects of interfacial transition zones on the stress{\textendash}strain behavior of modeled recycled aggregate concrete. Cement Concrete Res. 52, 82-99.[47] Xiao, J. Z., J. B. Li, C. Zhang, 2006. On relationships between the mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete: An overview. Mater. Struct. 39(6), 655-664.[48] Poon, C. S. Kou, 2010. Effects of fly ash on mechanical properties of 10-year-old concrete prepared with recycled concrete aggregates. 2nd International Conference on Waste Engineering Management, ICWEM 2010. RILEM Publications SARL: Shanghai, China, 46-59.[49] Kou, S. C., C. S. Poon, 2012. Enhancing the durability properties of concrete prepared with coarse recycled aggregate. Constr. Build. Mater. 35, 69-76.[50] Kou, S. C. C. S. Poon, 2008. Mechanical properties of 5-year-old concrete prepared with recycled aggregates obtained from three different sources. Mag. Concrete Res. 60(1), 57-64.[51] Poon, C. S., Z. H. Shui, L. Lam, 2004. Effect of microstructure of ITZ on compressive strength of concrete prepared with recycled aggregates. Constr. Build. Mater. 18(6), 461-468.[52] Xiao, J. Z., W. G. Li, C. S. Poon, 2012. Recent studies on mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete in China-A review. Science China - Technological Sciences. 55(6), 1463-1480.[53] Li, X., 2008. Recycling and reuse of waste concrete in China Part I. Material behaviour of recycled aggregate concrete. Resour. Conserv. Recy. 53(1-2), 36-44.[54] Pedro, D., J. de Brito, L. Evangelista, 2014. Influence of the use of recycled concrete aggregates from different sources on structural concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 71, 141-151.[55] Li, X., 2009 Recycling and reuse of waste concrete in China Part II. Structural behaviour of recycled aggregate concrete and engineering applications. Resour. Conserv. Recy. 53(3), 107-112.[56] Xiao, J., M. Tawana, X. Huang, 2012 Review of studies on structural performance of recycled aggregate concrete in China. Science China Technological Sciences. 55(10), 2727-2739.[57] Male{\v s}ev, M., V. Radonjanin, S. Marinkovi{\'c}, 2010. Recycled concrete as aggregate for structural concrete production. Sustainability. 2(5), 12041225.[58] Gonz{\'a}lez-Fonteboa, B., F. Mart{\'\i}nez-Abella, 2007. Shear strength of recycled concrete beams. Constr. Build. Mater. 21(4), 887-893.[59] Ajdukiewicz, A. B., A. T. Kliszczewicz, 2007. Comparative tests of beams and columns made of recycled aggregate concrete and natural aggregate concrete. J. Adv. Concr. Technol. 5(2), 259-273.[60] Corinaldesi, V., V. Letelier, G. Moriconi, 2011. Behaviour of beamcolumn joints made of recycled-aggregate concrete under cyclic loading. Constr. Build. Mater. 25(4), 1877-1882.[61] Xiao, J., Y. Sun, H. Falkner, 2006. Seismic performance of frame structures with recycled aggregate concrete. Eng. Struct. 28(1), 1-8.[62] Wang, C., J. Xiao, 2013. Study of the seismic response of a recycled aggregate concrete frame structure. Earthq. Eng. Eng. Vib. 12(4), 669680.[63] Pacheco, J., J. de Brito, J. Ferreira, D. Soares, 2015. Destructive Horizontal Load Tests of Full-Scale Recycled Aggregate Concrete Structures. ACI Struct. J. 112(6), 815-826.[64] Pacheco, J., J. de Brito, J. Ferreira, D. Soares, 2016. Dynamic characterization of full-scale structures made with recycled coarse aggregates. J. Clean. Prod. in press.[65] Pacheco, J., J. de Brito, J. Ferreira, D. Soares, 2015. Flexural load tests of full-scale recycled aggregates concrete structures. Constr. Build. Mater. 101, 65-71.[66] Fonseca, N., J. de Brito, and L. Evangelista, 2011, The influence of curing conditions on the mechanical performance of concrete made with recycled concrete waste. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2011. 33(6): pp. 637-643.[67] Amorim, P., J. de Brito, and L. Evangelista, Concrete made with coarse concrete aggregate: Influence of curing on durability. ACI Mat. J., 2012. 109(2): pp. 195-204.[68] EN-1990, 2002. Eurocode 0: Basis of structural design. Comit{\'e} Europ{\'e}en de Normalisation (CEN): Brussels, Belgium.[69] EN-1992-1-1, 2008. Eurocode 2 - Design of concrete structures: Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings. Comit{\'e} Europ{\'e}en de Normalisation (CEN): Brussels, Belgium, 259 pages.[70] ACI318-14, 2014. Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete. The American Concrete Institute: Farmington Hills, Michigan, United States of America[71] ASCE/SEI 7-10, 2013. Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures. American Society of Civil Engineers: Virginia, United States of America, 650 pages.[72] Nowak, A.S., K.R. Collins, 2000. Reliability of Structures. McGrawHill: Singapore.[73] ISO2394, 1998. General principles on reliability for structures. Comit{\'e} Europ{\'e}en de Normalisation (CEN): Brussels, Belgium, 76 pages.[74] MacGregor, J. G., 1976. Safety and limit states design for reinforced concrete. Can. J. Civ. Eng. 3, 484-513.[75] Ferry-Borges, J., M. Castanheta, 1983. Structural safety - Third edition. Portuguese Laboratory of Civil Engineering: Lisbon, Portugal, 327 pages.[76] Cornell, C. A., 1969. A probability-based structural code. Journal of the American Concrete Institute. 66(12), 974-985.[77] Ellingwood, B., T. V. Galambos, J. G. MacGregor, C. A. Cornell, 1980. Development of a probability based load criterion for American National Standard A58. NBS Special Publication 577, N.B.o. Standards: Washington DC, United States of America.[78] Rackwitz, R., B. Fiessler, 1978. Structural reliability under combined random load sequences. Comput. Struct. 9, 489-494.[79] Ditlevsen, O., 1979. Generalized Second Moment Reliability Index. J. Struct. Mech. 7(4): pp. 435-451.[80] Ditlevsen, O., 1979. Narrow Reliability Bounds for Structural Systems. J. Struct. Mech. 7(4): pp. 453-472.[81] Madsen, H. O. K., S.; Lind, N. C., Methods of Structural Safety. 1986, New Jersey, United States of America: Dover Publications.[82] Haldar, A. and S. Mahadevan, Probability, reliability, and statistical methods in engineering design. 1999: Wiley \& Sons, 305 pages.[83] Lemaire, M., Structural reliability, ed. J. W. Sons. 2009, Hoboken, New Jersey, United States of America, 504 pages.[84] Szerszen, M., A. S. Nowak, 2003. Calibration of Design Code for Buildings (ACI 318): Part 2{\textemdash}Reliability Analysis and Resistance Factors. ACI Struct. J. 100(3), 383-391.[85] Ditlevsen, O., H. O. Madsen, 2005. Structural Reliability Methods. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 327 pages.[86] Rackwitz, R., 1984 Discussion to {\textquotedblleft}Fast probability integration by threeparameter normal tail approximation.{\textquotedblright} Struct. Saf. 2(2), 159-160.[87] Thoft-Christensen, P., M. J. Baker, 1982. Structural reliability theory and its applications. Springer.[88] Benjamin, J. R. C., C. Allin, 1970. Probability, Statistics and Decision for Civil Engineers: McGraw Hill, 684 pages.[89] M{\'a}lia, M., J. de Brito, M. D. Pinheiro, M. Bravo, 2013. Construction and demolition waste indicators. Waste Manage. Res. 31(3), 241-55.[90] Agrela, F., M. S{\'a}nchez de Juan, J. Ayuso, V. L. Geraldes, J. R. Jim{\'e}nez, 2011. Limiting properties in the characterisation of mixed recycled aggregates for use in the manufacture of concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 25(10), 3950-3955.[91] Abbas, A., G. Fathifazl, B. Fournier, O. B. Isgor, R. Zavadil, A. G. Razaqpur, S. Foo, 2009. Quantification of the residual mortar content in recycled concrete aggregates by image analysis. Mater. Charact. 60(7), 716-728.[92] Juan, M. S., P. A. Guti{\'e}rrez, 2009. Study on the influence of attached mortar content on the properties of recycled concrete aggregate. Constr. Build. Mater. 23(2), 872-877.[93] Butler, L., Evaluation of Recycled Concrete Aggregate Performance in Structural Concrete, 2012. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Waterloo: Ontario, Canada, 475 pages.[94] Henry, M., K. Hagiwara, T. Nishimura, Y. Kato, 2011. Effect of recycled aggregate quality on variation and estimation of concrete strength. Proceedings of the Japan Concrete Institute. 33(1), 15351540.[95] Butler, L., J. S. West, S. L. Tighe, 2012. Effect of Recycled Concrete Aggregate Properties on Mixture Proportions of Structural Concrete. Journal of the Transportation Research Board. 2290, 105-114.[96] Pepe, M., R. D. Toledo Filho, E. A. B. Koenders, E. Martinelli, 2016. A novel mix design methodology for Recycled Aggregate Concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 122, 362-372.[97] Xiao, J., J. Li, C. Zhang, 2005. On statistical characteristics of the compressive strength of recycled aggregate concrete. Struct. Conc. 6(4), 149-153.[98] Etxeberria, M., E. Vazquez, A. Mari, M. Barra, 2007. Influence of amount of recycled coarse aggregates and production process on properties of recycled aggregate concrete. Cement Concrete Res. 37(5), 735-742.[99] Xiao, J., K. Zhang, Q. Xie, 2016. Reliability analysis for flexural capacity of recycled aggregate concrete beams. Structural Engineering International. 26(2), 121-129.[100] Breccolotti, M., A. L. Materazzi, 2010. Structural reliability of eccentrically-loaded sections in RC columns made of recycled aggregate concrete. Eng. Struct. 32(11), 3704-3712.[101] Rackwitz, R., Statistical control in concrete structures. Specialized course - C4. 1973, Portuguese Laboratory of Civil Engineering: Lisbon, Portugal.[102] Nowak, A. S. and M. Szerszen, 2013. Calibration of Design Code for Buildings (ACI 318): Part 1{\textemdash}Statistical Models for Resistance. ACI Struct. J. 100(3), 377-382.[103] FIB, Bulletin n. 65, 2010. Model Code 2010 final draft. Volume 1. FIB: Lausanne, Switzerland.[104] FIB, Bulletin n. 66, 2010. Model Code 2010 final draft. Volume 2. FIB: Lausanne, Switzerland.[105] Rusch, H., 1969 Statistische analyse der Betonfestigkeit. Deutscher Ausschuss fur Stahlbeton: Berlin, Germany [Statistical analysis of concrete strength].[106] ACI 214R-11, 2011. Guide to evaluation of strength test results of concrete. The American Concrete Institute: Farmington Hills, Michigan, 20 pages.[107] Bartlett, F. M., G. M. James, 1996. Statistical Analysis of the Compressive Strength of Concrete in Structures. ACI Mat. J. 93(2), 158168.[108] Xiao, J., W. Li, Y. Fan, X. Huang, 2012. An overview of study on recycled aggregate concrete in China (1996{\textendash}2011). Constr. Build. Mater. 31(0), 364-383.[109] FIB, Bulletin n. 70: Code-type models for concrete behaviour, 2013. Lausanne, Switzerland, 196 pages.[110] Kiureghian, A. D., O. Ditlevsen, 2009. Aleatory or epistemic? Does it matter? Struct. Saf. 31(2), 105-112.[111] Breccolotti, M. A. L. Materazzi, 2013. Structural reliability of bonding between steel rebars and recycled aggregate concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 47(0), 927-934.[112] Woerner, J. D. and P. Moerland, 1998. Safety of RAC-Beams Designed According to Eurocode 2 Provisions. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Sustainable construction: Use of Recycled Concrete Aggregate. London, United Kingdom.[113] Gonz{\'a}lez-Taboada, I., B. Gonz{\'a}lez-Fonteboa, F. Mart{\'\i}nez-Abella, J. L. P{\'e}rez-Ord{\'o}{\~n}ez, 2016. Prediction of the mechanical properties of structural recycled concrete using multivariable regression and genetic programming. Constr. Build. Mater. 106, 480-499.[114] Ellingwood, B., T. V. Galambos, 1982. Probability-based criteria for structural design. Struct. Saf. 1(1), 15-26.[115] JCSS, 2001. Probabilistic Model Code, in Part 1 - Basis of Design. The Joint Committee of Structural Safety.[116] JCSS, 2001. Probabilistic Model Code, in Part 2: Load Models. The Joint Committee of Structural Safety.[117] JCSS, 2001. Probabilistic Model Code, in Part 3: Material properties. The Joint Committee of Structural Safety.[118] Mirza, S. A., J. G. MacGregor, M. Hatzinikolas, 1979. Statistical Descriptions of Strength of Concrete. ASCE J. Struct. Div. 105(6), 1021-1037.[119] Mirza, S. A., J. G. MacGregor, 1979. Variability of Mechanical Properties of Reinforcing Bars. ASCE J. Struct. Div. 105(5), 921-937.[120] Mirza, S. A., J. G. MacGregor, 1979. Variations in Dimensions of Reinforced Concrete Members. ASCE J. Struct. Div. 105(4), 751-766.Sentler, L., 1976. Live load surveys: a review with discussions, Lund Institute of Technology: Lund, Sweden, 135 pages.

}, pages = {1-54}, publisher = {Nova Science Publishers: New York, United States of America}, organization = {Nova Science Publishers: New York, United States of America}, abstract = {

TThis chapter concerns the need to evaluate the reliability of structural elements produced with recycled aggregates concrete (RAC) in order to address some designers{\textquoteright} scepticism towards the use of this eco-friendly material. The current knowledge on RAC{\textquoteright}s behaviour demonstrates its viability for structural purposes. However, of the investigations performed so far very few are related to a fundamental aspect towards RAC world-wide application as a structural material: structural codes have a probabilistic basis.After briefly presenting the state-of-the-art knowledge on the material properties and structural behaviour of RAC, the limitations of the current knowledge are debated. Afterwards, an introduction to structural codification is presented, as well as the fundamentals of reliability analysis. Examples of code verifications are contextualized with their underlying assumptions and the information necessary for code calibration is discussed. The role of reliability in the calibration of structural codes is shown, common techniques for reliability calculations are briefly explained, and relevant references in the area are cited for the readers{\textquoteright} perusal.Having established how structural codes are calibrated, the state-of-the-art on the probabilistic and statistical knowledge of RAC properties is reviewed. The implications of the very reduced number of studies on this area are discussed and the need to conduct further studies is emphasized.Afterwards, investigations that used reliability analysis to calibrate partial safety factors applicable to RAC are reviewed. The methodology of each investigation is presented, the experimental tests that led to the definition of the probabilistic information of the RAC{\textquoteright}s parameters are described and the need to have a wide range of data coming from different RAC compositions and aggregate sources is debated.This chapter finishes by contextualizing the current knowledge on RAC properties with the necessary information for code calibration procedures. The relevance of a code proposal towards RAC affirmation as a structural material is highlighted, as well as the requirements of such code. Suggestions for future studies are made.

}, keywords = {Construction and demolition waste, Recycled aggregates concrete (RAC), reliability analysis, structural codes, Sustainable construction}, isbn = {978-1-53610-743-2}, url = {https://novapublishers.com/shop/construction-projects-improvement-strategies-quality-management-and-potential-challenges/}, author = {Pacheco, Jo{\~a}o and Jorge de Brito and Chastre, Carlos and Evangelista, Lu{\'\i}s}, editor = {Kimberly Hall} }