<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antão, Armando N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Santana, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vicente da Silva, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guerra, N. M. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Passive earth-pressure coefficients by upper-bound numerical limit analysis</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canadian Geotechnical Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">48</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">767-780</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;A three-dimensional (3D) numerical implementation of the limit analysis upper-bound theorem is used to determine passive horizontal earth-pressure coefficients. An extension technique allowing determination of the 3D passive earth pressures for any width-to-height ratios greater than 7 is presented. The horizontal passive earth-pressure coefficients are presented and compared with solutions published previously. Results of the ratio between the 3D and two-dimensional horizontal passive earth-pressure coefficients are shown and found to be almost independent of the soil-to-wall friction ratio. A simple equation is proposed for calculating this passive earth-pressure ratio.&lt;/p&gt;
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