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Unpublished
Inácio, David Comparação numérica e experimental das características dos Motores de Histerese Convencional e Supercondutor. Eds. Mário Neves, Anabela Gonçalves, and João Pina. FCT-UNL, 2008. Abstract

Os motores de histerese são muito atraentes, numa ampla gama de aplicações devido à característica binário - velocidade e simplicidade de construção. É esperado que o rendimento destes motores seja melhorado aquando do uso de materiais supercondutores de alta temperatura (SAT ? supercondutores de alta temperatura) e, de facto, os motores de histerese têm-se mostrado como, provavelmente, a melhor máquina eléctrica usando materiais SAT. Ambos os motores, quer convencional quer supercondutor (com SAT), são motores de histerese, mas apresentam diferentes fenómenos físicos para o seu funcionamento: o comportamento de histerese nos materiais ferromagnéticos convencionais é devido à falta de linearidade das suas propriedades magnéticas dos materiais ferromagnéticos enquanto a histerese nos materiais supercondutores de alta temperatura é de natureza ohmica e está relacionada com dinâmica de vórtices. Nesta tese aspectos teóricos, experimentais e simulados de ambos os motores são discutidos, realçando-se o princípio de funcionamento de cada um e as características mais relevantes de cada um. As características obtidas, quer por testes experimentais quer por uso do simulador usando elementos finitos (FLUX2D?), foram comparadas com o objectivo de avaliar o rendimento dos motores electromecânicos e a eficiência dos sistemas, incluindo a criogenia para os dispositivos supercondutores de alta temperatura.

Ferreira, Jorge Controlo de Geradores de Indução Duplamente Alimentados em Turbinas Eólicas. Eds. Mário Neves, and João Pina. FCT-UNL, 2009. Abstract

A instalação em larga escala de turbinas eólicas equipadas com um gerador de indução duplamente alimentado (GIDA) tem vindo a promover a realização de vários estudos relacionados com potenciais soluções para a sua integração na rede eléctrica. Nesta tese apresenta-se uma técnica de controlo que permite regular as potências activa e reactiva do GIDA de forma estável e independente. A sua viabilidade é suportada não só por um estudo teórico prévio mas também pelos resultados da simulação de modelos desenvolvidos usando o software Matlab?Simulink?. Apesar de este sistema funcionar a velocidade variável (ainda que dentro de certos limites), continua a existir a necessidade de limitar a potência fornecida pela turbina eólica quando a velocidade do vento assume valores superiores ao nominal. Assim, faz-se também uma breve análise de alguns métodos de regulação de potência activos e passivos.

Leote, Ricardo Electrificação de serviços primários em povoados remotos africanos recorrendo a sistemas solares fotovoltaicos (PV). Eds. Mário Neves, and João Pina. FCT-UNL, 2009. Abstract

A presente dissertação surge pelo interesse em estudar a adequação do uso de sistemas solares fotovoltaicos na electrificação de serviços primários em povoados remotos nos países Africanos mais carenciados. A abordagem teórica tem como objectivo principal reflectir sobre a importância destas aplicações intervindo naquelas que são consideradas as maiores dificuldades dos países subdesenvolvidos, ou seja, saneamento básico, serviços de saúde e meios de comunicação adequados. Nesse contexto estuda-se a viabilidade de alimentar com energia eléctrica produzida localmente unidades sanitárias na província de Sofala (Moçambique). O trabalho exigiu por isso um estudo de caso baseado numa dessas unidades. Mediante a análise das amostras recolhidas para esta investigação elaborou-se através de ferramentas informáticas um dimensionamento e uma modelação adequadas ao sistema fotovoltaico a ser implementado. Os resultados obtidos de acordo com os requisitos da unidade sanitária permitiram dimensionar os elementos do sistema bem como, simular hora a hora o seu funcionamento diário ao longo do ano. Uma vez provada a sua viabilidade incluiuse ainda neste trabalho um anteprojecto da instalação.

Cunha, Jerónimo Energia nuclear no panorama nacional: benefícios vs custos e análise de sustentabilidade. Eds. Amadeu Rodrigues, and João Pina. FCT-UNL, 2009. Abstract
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Tavares, Alexandra Impacto do mercado ibérico de electricidade (MIBEL) no comportamento competitivo dos agentes produtores de energia eléctrica. Eds. Mário Neves, Jorge Sousa, and João Pina. FCT-UNL, 2009. Abstract

A presente Dissertação consiste num estudo do comportamento competitivo de entidades, produtoras e comercializadoras de energia eléctrica, num período de tempo antes e após a entrada em vigor do Mercado Ibérico de Electricidade (MIBEL). Esse período de tempo engloba os meses entre Abril de 2007 e Abril de 2008, sendo que o MIBEL teve início a 1 de Julho de 2007. O estudo incide principalmente no grau de competitividade ou ausência da mesma, que as referidas entidades adoptaram após o começo do MIBEL. Para poder efectuar essa avaliação, recorre-se a uma abordagem baseada em variações conjecturais, que constituem um indicador desse grau de competitividade. Ou seja, as variações conjecturais representam a convicção que determinada empresa X tem face ao comportamento que outra empresa Y adoptará após uma acção efectuada pela empresa X. Por acção depreende-se, por exemplo, uma redução ou um aumento da quantidade de produção de uma empresa. Se o valor da variável conjectural for 0, as empresas encontram-se a concorrer à Cournot. Caso seja -1, as empresas encontram-se em concorrência perfeita. Por outro lado, se o valor da variação conjectural for superior a 0 pode existir uma situação de conluio entre as empresas. De modo a obter estes valores das variações conjecturais, utiliza-se e readapta-se um simulador de mercado diário, denominado SiMEC - Simulador do Mercado Eléctrico e do Carbono. Este simulador, que anteriormente simulava apenas períodos temporais precedentes ao MIBEL, foi reajustado de modo a incluir dados pós MIBEL. Finalmente, são então realizados gráficos comparativos e retiradas conclusões acerca do comportamento das entidades face a alterações na estrutura do mercado de electricidade.

Pina, João Operação e Controlo de um Forno de Vidro. Eds. Pedro Lima. IST - Instituto Superior Técnico, 2002. Abstract
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Inácio, Steve Projecto de uma caixa de velocidades eléctrica por meio da variação do número de pólos para motores em disco de rotor em alumínio e em materiais supercondutores de alta temperatura (SAT). Eds. Mário Neves, João Pina, and Stanimir Valtchev. FCT-UNL, 2008. Abstract

Nesta dissertação apresenta-se um motor em disco polifásico inovador bem como uma estratégia de controlo com base no método de variação de velocidade por comutação do número de pares de pólos. A configuração das bobinas aliada à escolha das correntes e tensões que se injectam nas bobinas dos estatores, permite comutar electronicamente o número de pólos do motor entre 2, 4 6 e 8 pólos, conseguindo-se controlar a característica binário?velocidade do motor. O motor em disco possui a bobinagem feita em cobre com dois semi-estatores, em que quando utiliza o rotor em alumínio (com condutividade diferente de zero) comporta-se como um motor de indução convencional. Quando se substitui o rotor em alumínio por um constituído por um supercondutor de alta temperatura (SAT), o dispositivo comporta-se como um motor de histerese. O princípio de funcionamento do motor em disco convencional é baseado na indução de força electromotrizes no rotor e, consequentemente, uma vez que o alumínio é bom condutor eléctrico, correntes eléctricas induzidas, originadas por haver um campo magnético variável que é criado pelos semi-estatores. O comportamento deste tipo de motores, no que diz respeito a principais características (como o binário?velocidade para os diferentes números de pares de pólos), circuito equivalente de Steinmetz, entre outras teorias associadas é já conhecido há bastante tempo. O princípio de funcionamento do motor SAT é diferente do apresentado anteriormente, funciona com base na dinâmica de vórtices e devido ao facto de aparecer o fenómeno de ancoragem de fluxo (flux pinning) nos supercondutores de alta temperatura. Como o campo magnético varia, então o disco roda. Este motor tem um princípio de funcionamento muito mais complexo que o motor de indução sendo a obtenção do modelo do motor SAT complicada. A obtenção do modelo do motor SAT não é abordado nesta dissertação. Os comportamentos e modos de operação do motor com disco de alumínio e em materiais SAT são simulados através de um programa comercial de elementos finitos, nesta dissertação, sendo a supercondutividade simulada com base na relação entre o campo eléctrico e a densidade de corrente pela lei da potenciação (E-J power law). Com as simulações pretende-se comparar o rendimento electromecânico de ambos os motores.

Miscellaneous
Pina, João Polyphase Motor with Variable Number of Poles., 2010. Abstract

The invention consists in a polyphase motor and operating system thereof that allows obtaining an arbitrary relation of the number of magnetic poles without mechanical commutations within the stator. The number of slots of the latter is ideally given by the least common multiple between the required pole relations. The stator is polyphasic, and the rotor is that of an induction or hysteresis motor. The motor is designed for applications where a large range of operation requiring maximum yield and?or smooth speed?torque (or force, depending on whether the motor is rotary or linear) transitions. This is the case of electric vehicle traction. The operating system receives control references via a controller that compares them with the signals read by the sensor(s). The control action feeds a polyphase inverter for generating the voltages or currents that feed the stator. The speed, torque, or position values are measured in the rotor.

Journal Article
Arsenio, Pedro, Tiago Silva, Nuno Vilhena, João Pina, and Anabela Pronto. "Analysis of Characteristic Hysteresis Loops of Magnetic Shielding Inductive Fault Current Limiters." IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity. 23 (2013): 5601004. AbstractWebsite

Magnetic shielding inductive fault currentlimiterswith high temperature superconducting cylinders have previously been described by a characteristic (or maximum)hysteresisloop, built from properties of their constitutive parts, which allowed predicting their behavior in electrical grids. These preliminary results were based on finite elements simulations, but posterior experiments suggested limitations in the models. In order to investigate the application of these previous models to real devices, two laboratory scale prototypes were built with different types of superconducting material in the secondary, either bulk cylinder, either tape. Although the behavior of both devices is still approximately defined by a maximumhysteresisloop, differences in the shielding current response, when compared with previous model, must be incorporated in future models.

Pina, João, Mário Neves, M. McCulloch, and Amadeu Rodrigues. "Design of a Linear Synchronous Motor With High Temperature Superconductor Materials in the Armature and in the Field Excitation System." Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 43 (2006): 804-808. AbstractWebsite
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Inácio, S., D. Inácio, J. M. Pina, Stanimir Valtchev, M. V. Neves, and A. L. Rodrigues. "An electrical gearbox by means of pole variation for induction and superconducting disc motor." Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 97 (2008): 012221. AbstractWebsite

In this paper, a poly-phase disc motor innovative feeding and control strategy, based on a variable poles approach, and its application to a HTS disc motor, are presented. The stator windings may be electronically commutated to implement a 2, 4, 6 or 8 poles winding, thus changing the motor's torque?speed characteristics. The motor may be a conventional induction motor with a conductive disc rotor, or a new HTS disc motor, with conventional copper windings at its two iron semi-stators, and a HTS disc as a rotor. The conventional induction motor's operation principle is related with the induced electromotive forces in the conductive rotor. Its behaviour, characteristics (namely their torque?speed characteristics for different number of pole pairs) and modelling through Steinmetz and others theories are well known. The operation principle of the motor with HTS rotor, however, is rather different and is related with vortices' dynamics and pinning characteristics; this is a much more complex process than induction, and its modelling is quite complicated. In this paper, the operation was simulated through finite-elements commercial software, whereas superconductivity was simulated by the E-J power law. The Electromechanical performances of both motors where computed and are presented and compared. Considerations about the systems overall efficiency, including cryogenics, are also discussed.

Inácio, D., João Pina, Go{\cn}alo Luis, J. F. Martins, M. Ventim-Neves, and Alfredo Alvarez. "Experimental Characterization of a Conventional (Aluminum) and of a Superconducting (YBCO) Axial Flux Disc Motor." IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity (2011). AbstractWebsite

An equivalent model and electromechanical characteristics for the disk motor was obtained based on the Steinmetz parameters. This paper describes a series of tests conducted on an axial flux motor, equipped with an aluminum rotor disc and an YBCO high temperature superconducting rotor disc, at liquid nitrogen temperature (77 K). The rotating magnetic field was produced by a four-pole, three-phase stator winding, at 50 Hz. At asynchronous permanent regime, Steinmetz-type models are able to describe both motors' behavior. From the performed tests, the parameters of both motors' models were deduced. A variable load was used to obtain both motor's characteristics (conventional and superconducting). Experimental obtained characteristics of both motors are compared with the ones predicted from parameters' calculation. The HTS motor provides high efficiency then the conventional ones.

Inácio, David, João Pina, Go{\cn}alo Luis, João F. Martins, Mário Neves, and Alfredo Alvarez. "Experimental Characterization of a Conventional (Aluminum) and of a Superconducting (YBCO) Axial Flux Disc Motor." IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity. 21 (2011): 1146-1150. AbstractWebsite

An equivalent model and electromechanical characteristics for the disk motor was obtained based on the Steinmetz parameters. This paper describes a series of tests conducted on an axial flux motor, equipped with an aluminum rotor disc and an YBCO high temperature superconducting rotor disc, at liquid nitrogen temperature (77 K). The rotating magnetic field was produced by a four-pole, three-phase stator winding, at 50 Hz. At asynchronous permanent regime, Steinmetz-type models are able to describe both motors' behavior. From the performed tests, the parameters of both motors' models were deduced. A variable load was used to obtain both motor's characteristics (conventional and superconducting). Experimental obtained characteristics of both motors are compared with the ones predicted from parameters' calculation. The HTS motor provides high efficiency then the conventional ones.

Sfetsos, Athanasis, João Pina, Anabela Gonçalves, Mário Neves, and Amadeu Rodrigues. "Flux Modelling of Reluctance Machines with Bulk Superconducting Materials." Electromotion Review (2003). AbstractWebsite
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Pina, J., and PU Lima. "A glass furnace operation system using fuzzy modelling and genetic algorithms for performance optimisation." Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. 16 (2003): 681-690. AbstractWebsite

An architecture for the operation of a recuperative-type glass furnace is introduced in this paper. It is based on a hierarchical scheme, with two main parts: process optimisation and process modelling. Process optimisation is carried out by an expert controller, and uses genetic algorithms to solve a multiobjective optimisation problem. Process modelling is performed by a learning system, based on a fuzzy learning-by-examples algorithm. Results of real and simulated experiments with the glass manufacturing process are presented.

Pina, João, Pedro Pereira, Gonçalves A. Pronto, Pedro Arsénio, and Tiago Silva. "Modelling and Simulation of Inductive Fault Current Limiters." Physics Procedia. 36 (2012): 1248-1253. AbstractWebsite

Inductive superconducting fault current limiters have already demonstrated their technical viability in electrical networks. Its architecture and robustness make them potentially adequate for distribution networks, and this type of devices is considered as an enabling technology for the advent of embedded generation with renewable energy sources. In order to promote the growth and maturity of these superconducting technologies, fast design tools must be developed, allowing simulating devices with different materials in grids with diverse characteristics. This work presents advances in the development of such tool, which, at present stage, is an effective alternative to software simulations by finite elements methods, reducing dramatically computation time. The algorithms are now compared with experimental results from a laboratory scale prototype, showing the need to refine them.

Pereira, P., S. Valtchev, J. Pina, A. Gonçalves, Ventim M. Neves, and A. L. Rodrigues. "Power electronics performance in cryogenic environment: evaluation for use in HTS power devices." Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 97 (2008): 012219. AbstractWebsite

Power electronics (PE) plays a major role in electrical devices and systems, namely in electromechanical drives, in motor and generator controllers, and in power grids, including high-voltage DC (HVDC) power transmission. PE is also used in devices for the protection against grid disturbances, like voltage sags or power breakdowns. To cope with these disturbances, back-up energy storage devices are used, like uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) and flywheels. Some of these devices may use superconductivity. Commercial PE semiconductor devices (power diodes, power MOSFETs, IGBTs, power Darlington transistors and others) are rarely (or never) experimented for cryogenic temperatures, even when designed for military applications. This means that its integration with HTS power devices is usually done in the hot environment, raising several implementation restrictions. These reasons led to the natural desire of characterising PE under extreme conditions, e. g. at liquid nitrogen temperatures, for use in HTS devices. Some researchers expect that cryogenic temperatures may increase power electronics' performance when compared with room-temperature operation, namely reducing conduction losses and switching time. Also the overall system efficiency may increase due to improved properties of semiconductor materials at low temperatures, reduced losses, and removal of dissipation elements. In this work, steady state operation of commercial PE semiconductors and devices were investigated at liquid nitrogen and room temperatures. Performances in cryogenic and room temperatures are compared. Results help to decide which environment is to be used for different power HTS applications.

Pina, João, David Inácio, Gonçalo Luis, José M. Ceballos, Pedro Pereira, João Martins, M. Ventim-Neves, Alfredo Alvarez, and Leão A. Rodrigues. "Research and Development of Alternative Concepts in HTS Machines." IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity. 21 (2010): 1141-1145. AbstractWebsite

High temperature superconducting (HTS) machines are recognized to offer several advantageous features when comparing to conventional ones. Amongst these, highlights the decrease in weight and volume of the machines, due to increased current density in conductors or the absence of iron slots' teeth; or the decrease in AC losses and consequent higher efficiency of the machines, even accounting for cryogenics. These concepts have been already demonstrated and some machines have even achieved commercial stage. In this paper, several alternative approaches are applied to electrical motors employing HTS materials. The first one is an all superconducting linear motor, where copper conductors and permanent magnets are replaced by Bi-2223 windings and trapped flux magnets, taking advantage of stable levitation due to flux pinning, higher current densities and higher excitation field. The second is an induction disk motor with Bi-2223 armature, where iron, ironless and hybrid approaches are compared. Finally, an innovative command strategy, consisting of an electronically variable pole pairs' number approach, is applied to a superconducting hysteresis disk motor. All these concepts are being investigated and simulation and experimental results are presented.

Pina, J. M., P. Suárez, Ventim M. Neves, A. Álvarez, and A. L. Rodrigues. "Reverse engineering of inductive fault current limiters." Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 234 (2010): 1-9. AbstractWebsite

The inductive fault current limiter is less compact and harder to scale to high voltage networks than the resistive one. Nevertheless, its simple construction and mechanical robustness make it attractive in low voltage grids. Thus, it might be an enabling technology for the advent of microgrids, low voltage networks with dispersed generation, controllable loads and energy storage. A new methodology for reverse engineering of inductive fault current limiters based on the independent analysis of iron cores and HTS cylinders is presented in this paper. Their electromagnetic characteristics are used to predict the devices' hysteresis loops and consequently their dynamic behavior. Previous models based on the separate analysis of the limiters' components were already derived, e.g. in transformer like equivalent models. Nevertheless, the assumptions usually made may limit these models' application, as shown in the paper. The proposed methodology obviates these limitations. Results are validated through simulations.

Pina, J., P. Pereira, S. Valtchev, A. Gonçalves, Ventim M. Neves, A. Alvarez, and L. Rodrigues. "A test rig for thrust force measurements of an all HTS linear synchronous motor." Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 97 (2008): 012220. AbstractWebsite

This paper presents the design of a test rig for an all HTS linear synchronous motor. Although this motor showed to have several unattractive characteristics, its design raised a number of problems which must be considered in future HTS machines design. HTS electromagnetic properties led to the development of new paradigms in electrical machines and power systems, as e. g. in some cases iron removal and consequent assembly of lighter devices. This is due to superconductor's ability to carry high currents with minimum losses and consequent generation in the surrounding air of flux densities much higher than the allowed by ferromagnetic saturation. However, severe restrictions in HTS power devices design that goes further beyond cryogenic considerations must be accounted in. This is usually the case when BSCCO tapes are used as conductors. Its bending limitations and the presence of flux components perpendicular to tape surface, due to the absence of iron, have to be considered for it may turn some possible applications not so attractive or even practically unfeasible. An all HTS linear synchronous motor built by BSCCO tapes as armature conductors and two trapped-flux YBCO bulks in the mover was constructed and thrust force measurements are starting to be performed. Although the device presents severe restrictions due to the exposed and other reasons, it allowed systematising its design. A pulsed-field magnetiser to generate opposite fluxes for both YBCO bulks is also detailed. Thrust force numerical predictions were already derived and presented.

Rodrigues, Amadeu, B. A. Potter, João Pina, Anabela Gonçalves, and Mário Neves. "Torque Modelling of a Superconducting Reluctance Machine." Electromotion Review (2003). AbstractWebsite
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Conference Paper
Pina, João, Mário Neves, and Amadeu Rodrigues. "Case Study in the Design of HTS Machines: an All Superconducting Linear Synchronous Motor." 1st International Conference on Power Engineering, Energy and Electrical Drives, POWERENG. 2007. 185-190. Abstract

The electric and magnetic properties of high temperature superconductors and the possibility to cool them by cheap liquid nitrogen makes them attractive in power applications. An all superconducting linear synchronous motor is presented in this paper in order to quantify the benefits and disadvantages of such applications. The term ?all superconducting? is related with the absence of copper conductors and iron parts. Certain characteristics of the superconducting materials impose severe restrictions when used, e.g., as armature windings. A numerical method for deriving the thrust and lift forces developed in such a motor, driven by a typical current inverter, is presented.

Inácio, D., J. A. Inácio, J. Pina, S. Valtchev, M. Neves, J. Martins, and A. Rodrigues. "Conventional and HTS Disc motor with pole variation control." 2nd International Conference on Power Engineering, Energy and Electrical Drives (POWERENG'2009). 2009. 513-518. Abstract

In this paper, a poly-phase disc motor innovative feeding and control strategy, based on a variable poles approach, and its application to a high temperature superconductor (HTS) disc motor, are presented. The stator windings may be electronically commutated to implement a 2, 4, 6 or 8 poles winding, thus changing the motor's torque?speed characteristics. The motor may be a conventional induction motor with a conductive disc rotor, or a new HTS disc motor, with conventional copper windings at its two iron semi-stators and a HTS disc as a rotor. The conventional induction motor's operation principle is related with the induced electromotive forces in the conductive rotor. Its behaviour, characteristics and modelling through Steinmetz and others theories are well known. The operation principle of the motor with HTS rotor, however, is rather different and is related with vortices' dynamics and pinning characteristics; this is a much more complex process than induction, and its modelling is quite complicated. In this paper, the operation was simulated through finite-elements commercial software (FLUX2D), whereas superconductivity was simulated by the E-J power law. The electromechanical performance of both motor's computed are compared. Considerations about the systems overall efficiency, including cryogenics, are also discussed.

Pina, João, Mário Neves, M. McCulloch, and Amadeu Rodrigues. "Design of a Linear Synchronous Motor With High Temperature Superconductor Materials in the Armature and in the Field Excitation System." European Conference on Applied Superconductivity, EUCAS?05. 2005. Abstract
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Inácio, S., D. Inácio, J. Pina, S. Valtchev, Ventim M. Neves, and A. Rodrigues. "An Electrical Gearbox by means of pole variation for induction and superconducting disc motor." 8th European Conference on Applied Superconductivity (EUCAS). 2007. Abstract

In this paper, a poly-phase disc motor innovative feeding and control strategy, based on a variable poles approach, and its application to a HTS disc motor, are presented. The stator windings may be electronically commutated to implement a 2, 4, 6 or 8 poles winding, thus changing the motor's torque?speed characteristics. The motor may be a conventional induction motor with a conductive disc rotor, or a new HTS disc motor, with conventional copper windings at its two iron semi-stators, and a HTS disc as a rotor. The conventional induction motor's operation principle is related with the induced electromotive forces in the conductive rotor. Its behaviour, characteristics (namely their torque?speed characteristics for different number of pole pairs) and modelling through Steinmetz and others theories are well known. The operation principle of the motor with HTS rotor, however, is rather different and is related with vortices' dynamics and pinning characteristics; this is a much more complex process than induction, and its modelling is quite complicated. In this paper, the operation was simulated through finite-elements commercial software, whereas superconductivity was simulated by the E-J power law. The Electromechanical performances of both motors where computed and are presented and compared. Considerations about the systems overall efficiency, including cryogenics, are also discussed.