@article {Antao2011, title = {Passive earth-pressure coefficients by upper-bound numerical limit analysis}, journal = {Canadian Geotechnical Journal}, volume = {48}, number = {5}, year = {2011}, note = {n/a}, pages = {767-780}, abstract = {

A three-dimensional (3D) numerical implementation of the limit analysis upper-bound theorem is used to determine passive horizontal earth-pressure coefficients. An extension technique allowing determination of the 3D passive earth pressures for any width-to-height ratios greater than 7 is presented. The horizontal passive earth-pressure coefficients are presented and compared with solutions published previously. Results of the ratio between the 3D and two-dimensional horizontal passive earth-pressure coefficients are shown and found to be almost independent of the soil-to-wall friction ratio. A simple equation is proposed for calculating this passive earth-pressure ratio.

}, doi = {10.1139/t10-103}, author = {Ant{\~a}o, Armando N. and Santana, T. and Vicente da Silva, M. and Guerra, N. M. C.} }